Otopharmacology Test 1

5.0(4)
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/58

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

This is a study set that covers cell biology/physiology and drug delivery with specific focus on the mechanisms of the ear.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

59 Terms

1
New cards
What does the FDA require on all medication labels?
* Name of the product
* Table of drug facts
* Active ingredients
* Proper use and purpose
* Warnings
* Directions
* Allergic reactions/harmful side effects
* Inactive ingredients
2
New cards
What are the drug levels/schedules?
C-I, C-II, C-III, C-IV, C-V
3
New cards
What determines a C-I categorization?
High potential for abuse, with no currently accepted medical use in the US. Considered dangerous when used without medical supervision
4
New cards
What are some examples of C-I drugs?
MDMA, ecstasy, LSD, GHB, heroin
5
New cards
What determines a C-II categorization?
High potential for abuse, but with some accepted medical uses in the US. Abuse leads to physical and/or psychological dependence and is considered dangerous
6
New cards
What are some examples of C-II drugs?
Morphine, cocaine, PCP, opium
7
New cards
What determines a C-III categorization?
Potential for abuse, but lower than previous categories. There are accepted medical uses, and abuse can lead to mild physical dependence or great psychological dependence
8
New cards
What are some examples of C-III drugs?
Ketamine, codeine, lysergic acid, anabolic steroids
9
New cards
What determines a C-IV categorization?
Relatively low potential for abuse. Have accepted medical uses in the US. Abuse leads to limited dependence
10
New cards
What are some examples of C-IV drugs?
benzodiazepines, phenobarbital
11
New cards
What determines a C-V categorization?
Low potential for abuse. Have accepted medical uses in the Us. Abuse may lead to limited dependence.
12
New cards
What are some examples for C-V drugs?
pyrovalerone, retigabine
13
New cards
What are the health professional guidelines for drug management?
* Access a CURRENT drug reference
* Controlled substances have to be locked securely
* Conceal and secure prescription pads at office
* Keep accurate records of controlled substances
* Keep up to date with FDA/DEA
* Establish working rapport with pharmacist
* Maintain ethical relationship with pharmaceutical reps as part of Affordable Care Act, and Sunshine act, requires reporting compensation/gifts
14
New cards
What are the top 10 drug classifications?
* Lipid-lowering agents
* Antidepressants
* Narcotic analgesics
* Beta-blockers
* Antihypertensives
* Diuretics
* Antidiabetics
* Antibiotics
* Proton pump inhibitors
* Anticoagulants
15
New cards
What do lipid lowering agents do?
Lowers low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol
16
New cards
What do antidepressants do?
Improves symptoms of depression. Also used for anxiety and other neurological disorders
17
New cards
What do narcotic analgesics do?
Relieve severe pain
18
New cards
What do Beta blockers do?
Lowers heart rate and blood pressure
19
New cards
What do antihypertensives do?
Lowers blood pressure
20
New cards
What do diuretics do?
Increases urinary output
21
New cards
What do antibiotics do?
Eliminates infection
22
New cards
What do proton pump inhibitors do?
Decreases acidity of stomach
23
New cards
What do anticoagulants do?
Decreases clotting in blood
24
New cards
What 4 names do a drug have?
Generic, trade, chemical, and official
25
New cards
What is a generic drug name?
Common or general name assigned to drug by the US Adopted Name Council
26
New cards
Do generic names have an upper or lower case initial letter?
Lower
27
New cards
What is a trade drug name?
Proprietary or brand name owned by pharmaceutical company
28
New cards
Do trade names have an upper or lower case initial letter?
Upper
29
New cards
What is a chemical drug name?
The exact molecular formula of the drug
30
New cards
What is a official drug name?
Name of the drug as it appears in the official reference, the United States Pharmacopeia/National Formulary (USP/NF). Generally, the same as the generic name
31
New cards
What is tall man lettering?
Upper case lettering often used to highlight difference between confused drugs. Ex: CeleXA vs CeleBREX
32
New cards
Indications
List of medical conditions of diseases for which the drug is meant to be used
33
New cards
Actions
description of cellular changes that occur as a result of the drug (technical)
34
New cards
Contraindications
a list of conditions for which the drug should NOT be given
35
New cards
Cautions
a list of conditions or types of patients that warrant closer observations for specific side effects
36
New cards
Side effects/adverse reactions
a list of possible unpleasant or dangerous secondary effects, other than the desired effects
37
New cards
Interactions
a list of drugs or foods that may alter the effect of the drug and usually should not be given during the course of therapy
38
New cards
What are the routes of drug administration?
* Oral
* Digestive Tract (enteral)
* Buccal / Sublabial / Sublingual
* Respiratory Tract / Endotracheal
* Injection / Infusion (tissue or blood)
* Ophthalmologic
* Urogenital
* Rectal (enteral)
* Nasal
* Topical / Transdermal
* Otologic
39
New cards
What is First Pass Metabolism?
A phenomenon of drug metabolism where the concentration of a drug is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation during the process of absorption in the liver and gut wall
40
New cards
What are the challenges to get drugs to the inner ear?
Anatomical

* Difficult area to access
* Blood-inner ear barrier
* Limited labyrinthine artery supply

Mechanistic

* Variations in RWM permeability
* Biotherapeutic instability
* Uncontrolled drug elimination
* ·Nonspecific drug delivery
41
New cards
What are inner ear drug delivery approaches?
* Intratympanic injection
* Hydrogel
* CI
* Round window micro catheter
* Silverstein microwick
* Cochleostomy
* Nanoparticle
42
New cards
Why is active transport different than passive transport?
Active transport requires energy (ATP), whereas passive doesn’t (facilitated diffusion)
43
New cards
What is signal transduction?
When a receptor binds to its substrate and causes a conformational change in the receptor, this change in shape will cause it to either release something inside the cell or bind to something else inside the cell
44
New cards
What are the functional roles of proteins?
* Stabilization of the membrane
* Selective transport of both ions and large molecules
* Anchor the membrane to adjacent cells or substrates
* Communication
45
New cards
What is the cochlear protein that is a likely player when sound is converted into electrical signals?
Protocadherin-15
46
New cards
What’s the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?
Apoptosis is described as an active, programmed process of autonomous cellular dismantling that avoids eliciting inflammation. Necrosis has been characterized as passive, accidental cell death resulting from environmental perturbations with uncontrolled release of inflammatory cellular contents.
47
New cards
What do cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) do?
Help guide white blood cells to the injured areas
48
New cards
What are the DNA pairs?
* A-T
* T-A
* C-G
* G-C
49
New cards
What protein are cilia?
Microtubules
50
New cards
What microfilament works with mechanical strength, phagocytosis, and **motility**?
Actin
51
New cards
Free Radical
An atom, molecule, or ion that has at least one unpaired valence electron
52
New cards
Pharmacokinetics describes how the body affects a specific chemical after administration through the mechanisms of absorption and distribution, metabolism, and the effects and routes of excretion. (what the body does to the drug)
Pharmacokinetics
53
New cards
Biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs on the human body (what a drug does to the body)
Pharmacodynamics
54
New cards
The range of doses at which a medication is effective without unacceptable adverse events. Drugs with a narrow TI have a narrow window between their effective doses and those at which they produce adverse toxic effects.
Therapeutic Index
55
New cards
The time required for a quantity (of substance) to reduce to half of its initial value
Half Life
56
New cards
What did the US Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act do?
Gave authority to the FDA to oversee the safety of food, drugs, medical devices, and cosmetics
57
New cards
What did the Pure Food and Drug Act do?
Ban mislabeled food products, required that active ingredients be placed on the label of a drug's packaging, and that drugs could not fall below purity levels established by the United States Pharmacopeia or the National Formulary.
58
New cards
What did the Pediatric Rule do?
Ensure that drugs commonly used for the treatment of children are actually tested for pediatric use
59
New cards
What did the Controlled Substances Act do?
Established Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), created tighter controls on some substances, and categorized drugs into 5 Levels