Urinary System Diseases

what are the effects of Alcohol on ADH

Inhibits ADH release → increased urine output → dehydration

what is ADH function

Increases water reabsorption in kidneys → concentrates urine

what is the effect of Caffeine on the body

Inhibits adenosine → increases noradrenaline → diuresis

what is the effect of Noradrenaline

Increases alertness, BP, and reduces renal blood flow

what is the Clinical relevance of alcohol & caffeine

↑ dehydration risk, worsens hypotension and AKI

what is Urinary incontinence

Inability to control urination

what is Stress incontinence

Urine leakage with increased abdominal pressure (coughing, laughing)

what is the cause of stress incontinence

Weak pelvic floor muscles

what is overflow incontinence

Overfilled bladder → urine dribbling

what are some Risk factors for incontinence

Pregnancy, pelvic floor weakness, neurological impairment

what is a UTI

Infection of urinary tract structures

what are examples of High-risk groups for UTI

Females, diabetics, catheterised, immunocompromised

General infection symptoms

Pyrexia, malaise

what are Urinary symptoms of UTI

Frequency, urgency, nocturia, dysuria

what Urine changes occur in a UTI

Cloudy, strong smell, haematuria

what are some Severe UTI risks

Dehydration, hypotension, sepsis

what are some Elderly UTI presentations

Confusion ± minimal urinary symptoms

Renal calculi

Crystallised mineral salts forming stones in kidney

what are renal calculi also known as

kidney stones

what are some Common kidney stone components

Calcium, magnesium, uric acid

where do kidney stones form

Minor or major calyces

what is Renal colic

Severe pain from ureter obstruction by stone

what is the Renal colic pain pattern

Flank → groin ± testes

what are some Associated symptoms of renal colic pain

Haematuria, sweating, pyrexia

what are some Complications of stones

UTI, obstruction, hydronephrosis

what does CKD stand for

chronic kidney disease

what are some CKD risk factors

Age, hypertension, diabetes, family history

what is the Early CKD presentation

Often asymptomatic

what is the Late CKD fluid effect

Oedema, fluid overload

what is the CKD cardiac risks

Pericarditis, tamponade, arrhythmias

what can Anaemia in CKD cause

Reduced erythropoietin production

what is the effect of Vitamin D reduction

Bone disease, weight loss, poor appetite

what is AKI

Rapid loss of kidney function over hours–days

what does AKI stand for

acute kidney injury

is AKI reversible

Often reversible if treated early

what is the AKI mortality

Increased mortality risk

what is Pre-renal AKI

Reduced renal perfusion (most common)

Pre-renal causes

Shock, dehydration, sepsis, heart failure

what is Renal AKI

Direct kidney damage

what are some Renal causes

Nephrotoxic drugs, rhabdomyolysis, glomerulonephritis

what is Post-renal AKI

Urinary outflow obstruction

what are some Post-renal causes

Blocked catheter, prostate disease, kidney stones

what are some examples of High-risk AKI patients

Elderly, CKD, diabetics, septic patients

what are some other Additional AKI risks

Dehydration, nephrotoxic drugs, contrast agents

what is the Neurological impairment risk of AKI

Reduced access to fluids

what are some Late AKI symptoms

Nausea, vomiting, confusion, oedema

What are some early AKI symptoms

none

what is the effect of Fluid overload on the body

Dyspnoea, pulmonary oedema

what is the impact of Electrolyte disturbances

Hyperkalaemia → arrhythmias

what is Dialysis

Artificial removal of waste from blood

what is the purpose of Dialysis

Replace kidney filtration function

what is Haemodialysis

Blood filtered via external machine

how often should Dialysis take place

Multiple sessions per week

what is Peritoneal dialysis

Uses peritoneum as filtration membrane

what is the impact of Dialysis

Time-consuming and life-altering

what is the significance of Low urine output

Marker of shock or renal failure

what are some AKI red flags

Oliguria, hyperkalaemia, confusion, fluid overload

what is the ECG risk of Renal failure

Life-threatening arrhythmias

if patient has both UTI + hypotension what do you suspect

Suspect sepsis

why is Fluid balance importance

Over- or under-resuscitation worsens renal injury