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Cell Bio Lecture 3 Material
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44 Terms
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1
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What do enzymes do?
Catalyze and control chemical reactions in cells
2
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What are the two pathways for metabolism?
Catabolic and anabolic
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What does catabolism do?
Breaks down larger molecules into smaller molecules, generating useful energy
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What does anabolism do?
Uses energy from catabolism to drive synthesis of useful molecules
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What does the 2nd law of thermodynamics say?
Randomness increases in nature (entropy)
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What does the 1st law of thermodynamics state?
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but it can be converted from one form to another
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What is photosynthesis?
Organic molecules being produced by energy from the sun
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What is the order of photosynthesis
Electromagnetic (light) energy → High-energy electrons → chemical-bond energy
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What happens during stage 1 of photosynthesis?
Capture of light energy in which light and water make oxygen
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What occurs in stage 2 of photosynthesis?
Manufacture of sugars in which water and CO2 created sugar
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How do cells breakdown sugars and other organic molecules?
Oxidizing them producing CO2 and H2O
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What is the process of sugar breakdown, creating carbon dioxide and water
Respiration
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What completes the cycle of life?
Balancing reactions of photosynthesis and respiration
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When does oxidation occur?
When electrons are transferred between atoms, specifically when electrons are removed
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When does reduction occur?
When electrons are added to an atom
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How are chemicals with high energy chemical bonds broken down?
When activated by an input of energy
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What to enzymes do to chemical reactions?
Lower activation energy required to perform the chemical reaction
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Catalysts are _______ by participating in the chemical reaction?
Unchanged
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What is free energy/G?
Useful energy in a system
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What is the change in free energy or ΔG?
The amount of free energy that is changed by the reaction
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To be an energetically favorable reaction, the ΔG must be what?
Negative
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When can an energetically unfavorable reaction occur?
When coupled to an energetically favorable reaction with a sufficiently negative ΔG that counteracts the positive ΔG
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What is the state of equilibrium?
When the forward and reverse reactions are equal
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Is equilibrium maintained in cells?
No , due to a constant flux of substrates, products, and metabolism
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How can the equilibrium constant be calculated?
K=Concentration of Products / Concentration of Substrate
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How is ΔG° calculated?
ΔG°=-5.94log10(K)
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When chemical reactions reach a steady state and products and reactants balance, ΔG=?
0
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The higher the equilibrium constant, the ________ ΔG° ?
Lower
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What can be used to determine the strength of molecular interactions?
The equilibrium reaction
30
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Association rate is equal to what?
k_on \[A\]\[B\]
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Dissociation rate is equal to what?
k_off \[AB\]
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In metabolic pathways, what are often coupled?
Sequential reactions
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The ΔGs for sequential reactions are what?
Additive
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Sequential reaction ΔGs being additive allows for what?
An unfavorable reaction to be performed when coupled to a favorable reaction
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How are complex molecules made from less complex precursors?
Energy in the form of carrier molecules are used
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What are examples of carrier molecules?
ATP and NADPH
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What is the most commonly used energy carrier molecule?
ATP
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How is ATP produced?
From energy from the sun or food molecules
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What is ATP used for?
Work in the cell
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Molecules like NADH and NADPH have what type of energy?
Reducing energy
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NADP+ undergoes reduction to create?
NADPH
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NADPH undergoes oxidation to create?
NADP+
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What are examples of biopolymers?
Nucleic acids, proteins, and polysaccharides
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What is the polymerization of nucleic acids driven by?
2 coupled reactions that provide more energy that is needed in this synthesis