MicroPara-Final

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/39

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

40 Terms

1
New cards

Parasitic helminths are divided into two phyla:

Nemathelminthes (roundworms), platyhelminthes (flatworms)

2
New cards

Flatworms have two classes

Trematoda (flukes), and cestoda (tapeworms)

3
New cards

Parasite that can be transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food and/or water


- Ascaris lumbricoides
- Trichuris trichiura
- Trichinella spiralis
- Taenia solium
- Taenia saginata
- Diphyllobothrium latum

4
New cards

Class of parasite that causes malaria

 Plasmodium: Female Anopheles mosquito blood-sucking insect
- P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale, P. knowlesi, P. falciparum

5
New cards

Cause of Amoebic dysentery

  1.  Entamoeba histolytica:

    intestinal and tissue amoeba

It’s transmitted by fecal-oral route through ingestion of cysts in contaminated water


6
New cards

How is Giardia lamblia transmitted

 Ingestion of the cyst from fecally contaminated water or food.
The Cyst enters the stomach and is stimulated by the gastric acid to undergo excystation in duodenum before attaching to duodenal mucosa through sucking disks. Damage to intestines leads to diarrhea with malabsorption of fat and proteins.

7
New cards

Protozoan that is transmitted via cat feces

Toxoplasma gondii: develops in intestinal cells of cats and passes to tissues through the bloodstream before being passed in the feces and maturing in an external environment

8
New cards

Largest intestinal protozoan of humans

Balantidium coli

9
New cards

Examples of a tapeworm

Taenia saginata (Beef tapeworm)
- Taenia solium (Pork tapeworm)
- Diphyllobothrium
(Broad Fish tapeworm)
- Hymenolepsis nana (Dwarf Tapeworm)
- Echinococcus granulosus
(Dog tapeworm/Hyadatid Tapeworm)

10
New cards

 Diphyllobothrium latum

Longest of the tapeworms (reaching 13 meters)

Acquired through improperly cooked or raw fish containing plerocercoid
Copepods are first intermediate host
Freshwater fish are second intermediate host
Definitive host are humans

11
New cards

Scolex:

organ attached to the head that can consist of hooks, suckers, or sucking grooves, or rostellum

12
New cards

 Proglottids

segments that divide the body. A series of proglottids is called strobila
The neck is the region of growth, the worm grows by adding new proglottids from the neck. Oldest proglottids are at the most distal part of the body

13
New cards

What causes hydatid disease

 Echinococcus granulosus

14
New cards

Tapeworm that requires and does not require intermediate host

H. nana

15
New cards

 Chinese liver fluke:

Stages: egg, larva, adult. Egg has operculum surrounded by thick rim (shoulder)
First intermediate host: freshwater snail
Second intermediate host: freshwater fish
Most patients are asymptomatic. Fever, upper abdominal pain, anorexia, hepatomegaly, diarrhea, eosinophilia in high worm burden.

16
New cards

 Fasciola hepatica

(Sheep liver fluke):
Also has shoulders
Eggs mature in water and infect first intermediate host
First intermediate host: snail
Natural host for completion of life cycle: sheep
Second intermediate host: edible aquatic plants
Humans serve as accidental hosts
Adult worms live in biliary passages of liver
Treatment uses dichlorophenol, triclabendazole

17
New cards

Katayama fever:

Systemic hypersensitivity reaction to migrating schistosomes, usually S. japonicum. Characterized by rapid onset of fever, myalgia, body malaise, cough, diarrhea, eosinophilia 1-2 months after parasite exposure. Swollen lymph nodes, and enlargement of liver, spleen may also occur. Can lead to portal hypertension. Internal bleeding from rupture esophageal varices is common cause of death.

18
New cards

Paragonimus westermani

 lung fluke, causes paragonimiasis, a disease affecting humans and animals. The infection is acquired by ingesting raw or undercooked crustaceans like crabs and crayfish that contains its metacercariae. The parasite migrates to the lungs. Chest x-rays may be done for diagnosis

19
New cards

Largest intestinal fluke of humans

Fasciolopsis buski (Large intestinal fluke)

20
New cards

What causes perianal itching

Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm, seatworm) acquired through ingestion of eggs. Larvae emerge from eggs and mature into adults in the large intestines. Impregnated female worms migrate to the perianal region where egg laying occurs

21
New cards

Different stages of Ascaris lumbricoides

 Acquired through ingestion of food contaminated with human feces containing infective embryonated ova. Larvae are released in the small intestines and penetrate the intestinal wall to go to the liver and localize to the lungs. They gain entrance into air sacs and are then swallowed, returning them into the intestines. They mature into adult worms in the small intestines where they lay their eggs that are eliminated in feces

22
New cards

Trichuris trichiura

Human whipworm - barrel or football shape with prominent hyaline plug at each end of the egg.
Humans acquire infection through ingestion of food or water contaminated by human feces containing infective eggs. Larvae become immature adults in the small intestines and migrate to the colon to mature and mate. Thousands of eggs are produced each day. 

23
New cards

Elephantiasis

also known as lymphatic filariasis, is caused by parasitic worms called filarial nematodes, particularly Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori. These worms are transmitted by mosquitoes, causing inflammation and damage to the lymphatic system, which can lead to the characteristic skin thickening and swelling associated with elephantiasis.

24
New cards

Impetigo

Common in young children and involves face and limbs. Starts as a flattened red spot (macule) that becomes pus-filled, ruptures, and forms crust.

25
New cards

Sty/hordeolum

 folliculitis occurring at the base of eyelids

26
New cards

Staphylococcal scaled skin syndrome

Primarily found in newborns and young children. Sudden onset of erythema covering the whole body within 2 days. Skin displaces when pressure is applied (Nikolsky sign)

27
New cards

Infection acquired in tropical areas through contact with soil

commonly known as intestinal worm infections, are a major health concern. These infections are caused by parasitic worms like roundworm, whipworm, and hookworm. They are contracted through direct contact with soil contaminated by human feces containing the worms' eggs

28
New cards

Parasite that causes pulmonary symptoms

Also called Woolsorter’s disease, pulmonary anthrax or inhalation anthrax is transmitted by inhalation of spores of Bacillus anthracis into the lungs. Begins with symptoms resembling influenza which rapidly progresses to edema

29
New cards

P. Westermani

commonly known as the lung fluke, is a parasitic flatworm that causes paragonimiasis, a disease affecting humans and animals. The infection is acquired by ingesting raw or undercooked crustaceans like crabs and crayfish that harbor the parasite's metacercariae. The parasite migrates to the lungs, where it matures and causes various symptoms

30
New cards

Loeffler's syndrome

 is a type of eosinophilic pulmonary disease primarily caused by larval migration of certain helminths, such as Ascaris, hookworm, and Strongyloides, through the lungs during parasitic infections. It's characterized by mild respiratory symptoms like dry cough, wheezing, and fever, along with fleeting migratory pulmonary infiltrates on chest x-rays and peripheral blood eosinophilia

31
New cards

Parasites in sputum and Parasites that undergo lung migration

Paragonimus westermani, Roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides),  Hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus), Strongyloidiasis (Strongyloides stercoralis),  Lung Flukes (Paragonimus)

32
New cards

Common Protozoa worldwide that cause GI infection

Helicobacter pylori - most common cause of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcers. Rapid motility enables it to penetrate the mucus blanket lining the stomach. Natural habitat is the stomach but can also be found in saliva

33
New cards

flask-shaped ulcer

 is a characteristic lesion associated with amebiasis, an intestinal infection caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica. These ulcers are named for their distinctive shape, resembling a flask due to a wider, shallower superficial crater that narrows down into a deeper, more tubular or cone-shaped structure

34
New cards

Ascaris lumbricoides

commonly known as the roundworm, is the most prevalent helminth that can cause intestinal obstruction. In severe cases, heavy infestations of Ascaris lumbricoides can lead to a complete or partial blockage of the small intestine

35
New cards

B. coli

is morphologically more complex than E. histolytica. Has a cytosome, nucleus, food vacuoles, and contractile vacuoles. The infective stage is the cyst and the pathogenic stage is the trophozoite

36
New cards

Cryptosporidiosis

is a diarrheal illness caused by the parasite Cryptosporidium. It's transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often by swallowing contaminated water or food, or direct contact with infected individuals or animals. Symptoms include watery diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, low-grade fever, and loss of appetite

37
New cards

T. vaginalis

Pear-shaped organism with a central nucleus, four anterior flagella, and undulating membrane. It exists only in the trophozoite form. Main mode of transmission is sexual intercourse. Infection is highest among sexually active women in their 30s and lowest in post-menopausal women.

Infection in men is usually asymptomatic, men serve as a reservoir for infection in women. Infection in women is also asymptomatic, may present with scan watery vaginal discharge. Cervix appears very red with small punctuate hemorrhages (strawberry cervix). Can infect infants that pass through bird canal during delivery.


38
New cards

 Pyelonephritis

Kidney infection

39
New cards

Cystitis

Inflammation of the bladder. Suprapubic pain and tenderness, frequency, occasional hematuria.

40
New cards

Parasites that cause uti (related to hematuria and bladder pathology)

  1. Enterobacteriaceae - Escherichia coli: most common
    - Klebsiella pneumoniae:
    - Enterococcus facecalis:
    most common among enterococci. Frequent causes of nosocomial infections.
    - Pseudomonas, Proteus, Serratia:
    Serratia a major entity in nosocomial infections.