Chapter 12: Conflict & Peacemaking

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25 Terms

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How does prejudice affect stigmatized group members?

Internalization of stereotypes

attritional ambiguity

Stereotype threat

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How does prejudice affect stigmatized NON group members?

Self fulfilling prophecy

Shooter bias

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Internalization of stereotypes

Privately accepting the descriptive stereotypes of one’s group as an accurate description of oneself

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Attributional ambiguity

Difficulty interpreting feedback from others

E.g., Uncertain whether feedback reflects their own performance OR others’ biases

  • Negative feedback = “did I do poorly OR is the person giving the feedback prejudiced?”

  • Positive feedback = “did I do well OR is the person giving the feedback patronizing/compensating for their biases?”

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Stereotype threat

Fears that one will confirm the stereotype about one’s group interferes with performance

Stereotype becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy

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Stereotype threat experiment

Black and White Stanford students all took a test → difficult verbal passage from GRE

  • Half were told that the test was diagnostic of intellectual ability

    • *RESULTS = Black participants got lower scores compared to White participants → self-fulfilling property/stereotype threat

  • Half were told it was NOT diagnostic

    • RESULTS = scores were similar

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How can we reduce the negative effects of stereotype threat?

Not emphasizing social category

Emphasizing incremental/growth models of ability (NOT fixed mindsets)

Self-affirmations

Simply learning about stereotype threat can reduce its affects

  • Labelling the situation can help to explain the anxiety is causes and reduce discomfort

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Self-fufilling prophecy

When your expectations about another person lead you to engage with them in ways that confirm those expectations

<p>When your expectations about another person lead you to engage with them in ways that <em>confirm</em> those expectations </p>
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Shooter bias

The tendency among the police to shoot Black civilians rather than white → EVEN when they are unarmed…

Unarmed Black people = 3.5x more likely to be shot by police (as compared to unarmed white people)

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What are 2 ways of reducing prejudice?

  1. Contact hypothesis

  2. Superordinate goals

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Contact hypothesis

Increased contact between members of barriers social groups can be effective in reducing prejudice between them

Ex. military, socially assisted housing projects, roommates of different races

*BUT in the context of racial desegregation in American schools → this unfortunately did not reduce stereotypes and prejudice

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Moderated version contact hypothesis

  1. Status equivalence

  2. Personal interaction

  3. Multiple out-group members

  4. Co-operative activities

  5. Normalizing intergroup contact

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Superordinate goals x jigsaw classroom (making a team)

A co-operative learning method where interracial groups work together

Social outcomes = more positive attitudes toward minority/outgroup members

Academic outcomes = improvement in academic performance for minority/outgroup members (*no change for majority)

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Conflict

A perceived incompatibility of actions or goals

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Peace

Low levels of hostility and aggression in mutually beneficial relationships

Peace = the outcome of managed conflict

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Social trap

When conflicting parties become caught in mutually destructive behaviour → through rationally pursuing their own self-interest

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Tragedy of the Commons

The “commons” = any shared resource

  • Ex. air, water, energy sources, and food supplies

The tragedy occurs when individuals consume more than their share → the cost of their doing so is dispersed among all

  • THUS causing the ultimate collapse!

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Non-zero-sum games

Games in which outcomes need not sum to zero

With cooperation of both teams → both can win!

BUT with competition → both can lose…

*Mixed-motive situations

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Equal-status contact

Contact on an equal basis

Just as a relationship between people of unequal status breeds attitudes consistent with their relationship, so do relationships between those of equal status…

THUS to reduce prejudice = interracial contact should ideally be between persons equal in status

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Superordinate goals

Shared goals that require cooperative effort → unites group

Goals that override people’s differences

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Bargaining

Seeking an agreement through direct negotiation between parties

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Mediation

An attempt by a neutral 3rd party to resolve a conflict by facilitating communication and offering suggestions

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Arbitration

Resolution of a conflict by a neutral 3rd party who studies both sides and imposes a settlement

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GRIT

“Graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction”

A strategy designed to de-escalate international tensions

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How do we avoid social traps?

  1. Rules regulating self-serving behaviour

  2. Keep social groups small so people feel responsible for one another

  3. Enable communication → reduces mistrust

  4. Changing payoffs to make cooperation more rewarding

  5. Invoking altruistic norms