I.T.O.C

What is the general molecular formula for alkanes?

CnH2n+2

General formula

Algebraic formula that can be applied to chemicals in the family

General formula of cycloalkane

CnH2n

General formula of alcohol

CnH2n+1OH

Molecular formula

Actual number of atoms in a molecule/element

What about successive Members

Successive members of the same homologous series increases by CH2

What is an empirical formula?

The simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound.

What does a structural formula indicate?

The arrangement of atoms in a molecule without showing all the bonds.

What is a skeletal formula?

A representation that shows the carbon skeleton only, with hydrogen and carbon atoms not shown but functional groups are.

What is a displayed formula?

A formula that shows the arrangement of atoms including all the bonds and atoms in the molecule.

What defines a homologous series?

A series of compounds with the same functional group and a general formula.

What is the suffix for alkenes?

-ene

What is the suffix for alcohols?

-ol

What is the suffix for aldehydes?

-al

What is the suffix for ketones?

-one

What is the suffix for carboxylic acids?

-oic acid

What is the molecular formula for butanol?

CH3CH2CH2CH2OH

What is the formula for bromoethane?

CH3CH2Br

What is the molecular formula for cyclopentane?

C5H10

Alkanes branched suffix

Alkyl-

1 carbon

Meth-

Naming cycloalkanes

Cyclo- -ane

What does the nomenclature of organic compounds typically include?

The longest carbon chain, a number for the functional group position, and an ending that indicates the functional group.

In naming alcohols, where does the number indicating the position of the functional group go?

The number comes before the '-ol' ending.

What kind of movement is shown in mechanisms involving electron pairs?

They show the movement of electron pairs (e-) to form new bonds and break old bonds.

What is a key difference between free radical mechanisms and other mechanisms?

Free radical mechanisms do not require curly arrows.

Define isomers.

same molecular formula but different structural formulas.

What are the three types of structural isomers?

Chain, positional, functional group

What characterizes chain isomers?

same molecular formula but a different arrangement of the carbon skeleton.

What do positional isomers differ in?

the position of the functional group on the carbon skeleton.

What distinguishes functional isomers?

same molecular formula but different functional groups.

Give an example of a functional isomer of pent-1-ene

cyclopentane

What are stereoisomers?

have the same structural formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space.

What does E/Z isomerism refer to?

occurs in compounds with a C=C double bond where rotation is restricted, leading to different spatial arrangements of groups.

What is the difference between E and Z isomers?

E isomers have the same groups on opposite sides of the double bond, while Z isomers have the same groups on the same side.

How do you determine the priority of groups in E/Z isomerism?

Priority is assigned based on the atomic number of the atoms directly bonded to the carbon atoms in the double bond; higher atomic number means higher priority.

What should you find first when drawing isomers?

find the longest carbon chain

Do the shapes of carbon chains matter when identifying isomers?

No what matters is the connectivity of the carbon atoms.