Bacterial shapes, features, names, and types

who observed the first "animacules" in water? in what year?

Antony Van Leeuwenhoek' 1685

who developed the "germ" theory of disease? In what year?

Louis Pasteur; 1858

when did Koch develop his postulates?

1876

what is the fundamental difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

lack of organelles

identification and characterization of bacteria TYPICALLY first involves growth of laboratory "_____ _____"

pure cultures

what is a strain

any isolated colony

what are some ways cocci may be arranged?

single, paired, clusters, chains

what are some ways rods may be arranged or shaped?

single rods, chains of rods, curved rods, spiral rods

describe the 6 steps of the Gram stain and what the bacteria look like at each stage

describe the simplified scheme for bacterial identification

describe aerobic

growth requires oxygen as the final electron acceptor

describe anaerobic

uses inorganic molecules or carbon dioxide as an electron acceptor

energy-generating metabolism which involves the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation by electron transport chains

respiration

conversion of the products of glycolysis to other forms without additional ATP gains

fermentation

3 other key characteristics often used in initial bacterial classification

- growth without oxygen?

- are spores formed?

- are they motile?

what is serological subtyping?

+/- additional strain subtyping or confirmation

what is the best way to compare bacteria?

using the 16S ribosomal RNA "gene" sequence alignment for similarity

PCR can be used to obtain....

lots of DNA for sequencing part of the chromosome that codes for the ribosome's rRNA

3 domains of life

bacteria, archaea, eucarya

define "metagenomics"

the study of the structure and function of the entire nucleotide sequences isolated and analyzed from all the organisms in a bulk sample

what can metagenomics be used to obtain?

entire individual "genome sequences"

do entire genome sequences confirm 16S rRNA phylogeny?

Yes

Linnaeus classification

Domain

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

a genus name followed by ssp. represents...

multiple species within that genus

the genus name alone and plural can be used without italics to indicate....

multiple types, as "staphylococci, "salmonellae" ect

beyond recognition of visible features, ____ and identification of secreted and other ____ ____ allowed further distinctions

serotyping; enzyme activities