B1.1 Carbohydrates and lipids

what are the functions of carbohydrates?

energy source, energy store and structural 

what is a monosaccharide?

a single sugar

what are the properties of a monosaccharide?

soluble in water, sweet tasting, form crystals, chemically stable, yields high levels of energy when broken down

what is different between an alpha and beta glucose?

on C1, alpha glucose has H on top whereas beta has OH on top

draw alpha glucose

draw beta glucose

what is a disaccharide?

2 monosaccharides joined together

what is the carbon , hydrogen, oxygen ration for disaccharodes?

Cn (H2O)n-1

what are 3 examples of disaccharides?

maltose
sucrose
lactose

what are 3 examples of monosaccharides?

glucose
fructose
galactose

what type of reaction joins monosaccharides together?

condensation

draw a disaccharide

what 2 carbons join together when 2 monosaccharides join?

1 and 4

what is the bond between 2 monosaccharides called?

glycosidic bond

what carbons is a glycosidic bond formed between when there is a branch in the chain?

1 and 6

what is amylose found in, what bonds does it have and what is its function?

found in plants as starch grains
has 1,4 glycosidic bonds so is a straight chain
function is storing energy

what is amylopectin found in, what bonds does it have and what is its function?

found in plants as starch grains
has 1,6 and 1,4 bonds so is branched
function is storing energy

what is glycogen found in, what bonds does it have and what is its function?

found in animals as glycogen granules
has 1,6 and 1,4 bonds, has lots of branches
function is energy storage and can be hydrolysed into glucose

what is cellulose found in, what bonds does it have and what is its function? why is it different?

found in plants as long fibres
has 1,4 glycosidic bonds so is very straight and long
function is structure
different because it is made of beta glucose which flip every other one to allow hydroxyl groups to join.

what is a glycoprotein?

a protein with a carbohydrate chain attached

where are glycoproteins found? what is its role?

plasma membranes
allows cells to recognise each other

what are the roles of lipids?

energy source
store of energy
insoluble
insulation
protection around organs
waterproofing
buoyancy
cell membranes

what is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose? 

C2 has 2 hydrogens on deoxyribose, and on ribose C2 has a hydrogen and a hydroxide

what does glycogen’s highly branched structure allow?

Rapid release of glucose, fast hydrolysis - important for quick bursts of energy in animals

what are the 3 main types of lipids?

triglyceride, phospholipids and steroids and waxes

draw a triglyceride

what bonds form between glycerol and fatty acids?

ester

define a saturated fatty acid

no double bonds, tend to be solid at room temperature

define a mono-saturated bond

one double bond

define a poly-saturated bond

multiple double bonds

what is the difference between cis and trans unsaturated fatty acid?

cis have the hydrogens on the same aide at the double bond, creating a kink, trans have the hydrogen on opposite sides at the double bond, so there is no kink.

which unsaturated fat is healthier?

cis

which unsaturated fatty acid has a lower melting point?

cis, usually liquid at room temp

what are triglycerides used for?

energy storage

where is adipose tissue found in animals?

around organs and under skin

what are the properties of triclygerides?

chemically stable
Immiscible with water
Release twice as much energy per gram in respiration as carbohydrate
Poor conductors of heat - thermal insulator

are steroids polar or non polar?

non polar

what are the common features of steroids?

Four fused rings of carbon atoms
17 carbon atoms in total
Varied positions of the carbon
Non-polar nature - pass through the phospholipid bilayer.