Chapter 8- Motivationan, emotion, and stress

what is motivation

need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

what is instinct

complex, unlearned behavior, rigidly patterned throughout a species

what is drive-reduction theory

physiological need creates drive that motivates organism to fufil

what is homeostasis

balanced internal state caused by regulating body levels

what are incentives

positive or negative stimulus that motivate behavior

what is the Yereks-Dodson Law

performance increases with arousal UP TO A POINT

what is the hierarchy of needs

displays human needs, once each level is reached, move onto next one

who came up with the hierarchy of needs

Abraham Maslow

what is the hierarchy of needs

physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness needs, esteem needs, self-actualization needs, self-transcendence needs

what is glucose

sugar that circulates in blood, provides energy. lack of creates hunger

what is insulin

hormone that helps break down and store glucose

what feeling does the hypothalamus cause

hunger

what is orexin

a hormone that stimulates hunger

how is hunger caused by the lateral hypothalamus

the lateral hypo thalamus releases orexin, which is not iced by the ventromedial hypothalamus and is passed on to rest of body

what is ghrelin

secreted when stomach is empty, causes hunger

what is obestatin

an appetite suppressor from stomach

what is PYY

a hormone from the digestive tract that suppresses hunger

what is leptin

a protein created by fat cells, starts metabolism

what is the set point

predetermined range for weight that body is set to maintain

what is the basal metabolic rate (BMR)

bodys resting rate for performing needed functions

what is neophobia

fear of trying new things (foods)

what are the three social factors that influence eating

social facilitation, unit bias, and food variety

what is obesity

BMI of 30 or more

what causes obesity

genetics, set point of metabolism and lack of muscle, food and activity factors

what is the sexual response cycle

excitement, plateau, orgasm

what is a refractory period

only men experience, minutes to days

what are the effects of hormones

development of sexual characteristics

what do estrogens do

in nonhuman animals, induce heat

what do testosterones do

in humans, sex drive

what did Aristotle claim that all humans are

social aniamls

what is the affiliation need

the need to belong

what are benefits to belonging

survival, autonomy, attachment

what is ostracism

social exclusion

where is emotional/social pain felt

anterior cingulate cortex, same place as physical pain

what is an emotion

bodily arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience

what is common sense theory

conscious awareness then bodily sensations

what is the james lange theory

bodily response causes conscious awareness

what is the cannon-bard theory

bodily sensations and emotions are aroused separately, one does not cause the other

what is the two factor theory also called

schacter-singer theory

what is the two factor theory

to experience emotion, you must first be physically aroused then cognitively label the arousal

what did robert zajonic believe in

the low road

what is the low road

path emotions take straight to amygdala for automatic response or knowledgeable registration

what is the high road

conscious emotion

what did ledoux believe in

high and low road

what did lazarus believe

we need to appraise in order for emotional response, even unconciously

what is the insula

part of deep brain/amygdala in right frontal lobe

why is a polygraph unuseful

it doesn’t label emotion being felt

what is a duchenne smile

real smile

what emotion do men stereotypically feel more often

anger

what emotion do women stereotypically feel more often

kindness, more expression in general

what is the display rule

refers to rules that dictate how facial expressions are displayed and interpreted (smile=happy)

what is facial feedback

facial expressions can influence emotions