Chapter 8- Motivationan, emotion, and stress

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52 Terms

1
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what is motivation

need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

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what is instinct

complex, unlearned behavior, rigidly patterned throughout a species

3
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what is drive-reduction theory

physiological need creates drive that motivates organism to fufil

4
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what is homeostasis

balanced internal state caused by regulating body levels

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what are incentives

positive or negative stimulus that motivate behavior

6
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what is the Yereks-Dodson Law

performance increases with arousal UP TO A POINT

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what is the hierarchy of needs

displays human needs, once each level is reached, move onto next one

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who came up with the hierarchy of needs

Abraham Maslow

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what is the hierarchy of needs

physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness needs, esteem needs, self-actualization needs, self-transcendence needs

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what is glucose

sugar that circulates in blood, provides energy. lack of creates hunger

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what is insulin

hormone that helps break down and store glucose

12
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what feeling does the hypothalamus cause

hunger

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what is orexin

a hormone that stimulates hunger

14
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how is hunger caused by the lateral hypothalamus

the lateral hypo thalamus releases orexin, which is not iced by the ventromedial hypothalamus and is passed on to rest of body

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what is ghrelin

secreted when stomach is empty, causes hunger

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what is obestatin

an appetite suppressor from stomach

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what is PYY

a hormone from the digestive tract that suppresses hunger

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what is leptin

a protein created by fat cells, starts metabolism

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what is the set point

predetermined range for weight that body is set to maintain

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what is the basal metabolic rate (BMR)

bodys resting rate for performing needed functions

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what is neophobia

fear of trying new things (foods)

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what are the three social factors that influence eating

social facilitation, unit bias, and food variety

23
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what is obesity

BMI of 30 or more

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what causes obesity

genetics, set point of metabolism and lack of muscle, food and activity factors

25
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what is the sexual response cycle

excitement, plateau, orgasm

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what is a refractory period

only men experience, minutes to days

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what are the effects of hormones

development of sexual characteristics

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what do estrogens do

in nonhuman animals, induce heat

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what do testosterones do

in humans, sex drive

30
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what did Aristotle claim that all humans are

social aniamls

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what is the affiliation need

the need to belong

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what are benefits to belonging

survival, autonomy, attachment

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what is ostracism

social exclusion

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where is emotional/social pain felt

anterior cingulate cortex, same place as physical pain

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what is an emotion

bodily arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience

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what is common sense theory

conscious awareness then bodily sensations

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what is the james lange theory

bodily response causes conscious awareness

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what is the cannon-bard theory

bodily sensations and emotions are aroused separately, one does not cause the other

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what is the two factor theory also called

schacter-singer theory

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what is the two factor theory

to experience emotion, you must first be physically aroused then cognitively label the arousal

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what did robert zajonic believe in

the low road

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what is the low road

path emotions take straight to amygdala for automatic response or knowledgeable registration

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what is the high road

conscious emotion

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what did ledoux believe in

high and low road

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what did lazarus believe

we need to appraise in order for emotional response, even unconciously

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what is the insula

part of deep brain/amygdala in right frontal lobe

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why is a polygraph unuseful

it doesn’t label emotion being felt

48
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what is a duchenne smile

real smile

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what emotion do men stereotypically feel more often

anger

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what emotion do women stereotypically feel more often

kindness, more expression in general

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what is the display rule

refers to rules that dictate how facial expressions are displayed and interpreted (smile=happy)

52
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what is facial feedback

facial expressions can influence emotions