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what is motivation
need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
what is instinct
complex, unlearned behavior, rigidly patterned throughout a species
what is drive-reduction theory
physiological need creates drive that motivates organism to fufil
what is homeostasis
balanced internal state caused by regulating body levels
what are incentives
positive or negative stimulus that motivate behavior
what is the Yereks-Dodson Law
performance increases with arousal UP TO A POINT
what is the hierarchy of needs
displays human needs, once each level is reached, move onto next one
who came up with the hierarchy of needs
Abraham Maslow
what is the hierarchy of needs
physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness needs, esteem needs, self-actualization needs, self-transcendence needs
what is glucose
sugar that circulates in blood, provides energy. lack of creates hunger
what is insulin
hormone that helps break down and store glucose
what feeling does the hypothalamus cause
hunger
what is orexin
a hormone that stimulates hunger
how is hunger caused by the lateral hypothalamus
the lateral hypo thalamus releases orexin, which is not iced by the ventromedial hypothalamus and is passed on to rest of body
what is ghrelin
secreted when stomach is empty, causes hunger
what is obestatin
an appetite suppressor from stomach
what is PYY
a hormone from the digestive tract that suppresses hunger
what is leptin
a protein created by fat cells, starts metabolism
what is the set point
predetermined range for weight that body is set to maintain
what is the basal metabolic rate (BMR)
bodys resting rate for performing needed functions
what is neophobia
fear of trying new things (foods)
what are the three social factors that influence eating
social facilitation, unit bias, and food variety
what is obesity
BMI of 30 or more
what causes obesity
genetics, set point of metabolism and lack of muscle, food and activity factors
what is the sexual response cycle
excitement, plateau, orgasm
what is a refractory period
only men experience, minutes to days
what are the effects of hormones
development of sexual characteristics
what do estrogens do
in nonhuman animals, induce heat
what do testosterones do
in humans, sex drive
what did Aristotle claim that all humans are
social aniamls
what is the affiliation need
the need to belong
what are benefits to belonging
survival, autonomy, attachment
what is ostracism
social exclusion
where is emotional/social pain felt
anterior cingulate cortex, same place as physical pain
what is an emotion
bodily arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience
what is common sense theory
conscious awareness then bodily sensations
what is the james lange theory
bodily response causes conscious awareness
what is the cannon-bard theory
bodily sensations and emotions are aroused separately, one does not cause the other
what is the two factor theory also called
schacter-singer theory
what is the two factor theory
to experience emotion, you must first be physically aroused then cognitively label the arousal
what did robert zajonic believe in
the low road
what is the low road
path emotions take straight to amygdala for automatic response or knowledgeable registration
what is the high road
conscious emotion
what did ledoux believe in
high and low road
what did lazarus believe
we need to appraise in order for emotional response, even unconciously
what is the insula
part of deep brain/amygdala in right frontal lobe
why is a polygraph unuseful
it doesn’t label emotion being felt
what is a duchenne smile
real smile
what emotion do men stereotypically feel more often
anger
what emotion do women stereotypically feel more often
kindness, more expression in general
what is the display rule
refers to rules that dictate how facial expressions are displayed and interpreted (smile=happy)
what is facial feedback
facial expressions can influence emotions
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