Conventional Sources of Energy

What is meant by conventional sources of energy? Name any two conventional sources of energy.

Conventional sources of energy are those which have been used by man for a long time and are still being tapped and used abundantly.

These include coal, petroleum, natural gas and hydel power.

Name two main coal bearing areas in India.

Two main coal bearing areas in India are Raniganj in West Bengal and Jharia in Jharkhand.

Give a geographical reason for each of the following:

(i) Anthracite is used for domestic purposes.

Give a geographical reason for each of the following:

(ii) Oil refineries are located close to oilfields or near ports.

Oil refineries are located close to oilfields or near ports to minimise the cost of transport and to avoid the risk of transporting the oil inside the country due to its inflammable nature.

Give a geographical reason for each of the following:

(iii) The location of coalfields is an important factor in industrial development.

Location of coal fields is an important factor in industrial development because it is the basic source of power and it is heavy and bulky and hence, difficult to transport.

(i) Name the varieties of coal found in India.

(i) The varieties of coal found in India are anthracite, bituminous, lignite and peat.

(ii) Give a characteristic of each type of coal.

(ii) Characteristic of each type of coal are:

1. Anthracite coal — It is shiny and lustrous, almost jet black.

2. Bituminous coal — It is hard, black and compact and makes up almost 80% of the world's total coal output.

3. Lignite coal — It comprises 40% of carbon and a good deal of moisture and less of combustible matter.

4. Peat coal — It has the least carbon content and is inferior to the other three varieties of coal.

How is Gondwana coalfield different from tertiary coalfield in terms of location and quality?

Name the coalfield that is oldest and one that is largest in India.

The oldest coalfield in India is in Raniganj in West Bengal and the largest coalfield is in Jharia in Jharkhand.

(i) Petroleum is called 'liquid gold'.

(i) Petroleum is called 'liquid gold' because there is not even a tiniest part of crude petroleum which goes to waste or remains unused

(ii) Natural gas is a fossil fuel.

(ii) Natural gas is a fossil fuel because it has been formed by decomposing remains of dead animals and plants buried under the earth.

(iii) CNG is an eco-friendly fuel.

(iii) CNG is an eco-friendly fuel because it causes less damage to the environment as it is made up of methane and results in less carbon emissions.

(i) State two advantages of coal as a source of power.

Coal is used as a raw material in Thermal Power Plant
Coal is used for the manufacturing of Iron and Steel Industry

Coal is easy to burn and produces high energy upon combustion

(ii) Where is the oldest oilfield located in India?

(ii) The oldest oilfield in India is Digboi oilfield situated in Tinsukhia district of Assam.

What is Natural Gas? Name two variants of natural gas.Over three-fourths of India's natural gas comes from Mumbai High. The rest is produced in Assam, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan and Tripura.

Natural gas is a fossil fuel which occurs in association with mineral oil. It is mainly composed of methane with small amounts of propane and ethane.

Two variants of natural gas are-

1. Compressed Natural Gas

2. Liquefied Petroleum Gas

Where is natural gas found in India?

Over three-fourths of India's natural gas comes from Mumbai High. The rest is produced in Assam, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan and Tripura.

Name two coastal and two inland oil-refineries in India.

Two coastal oil-refineries in India are-

1. Haldia refinery – Indian Oil Corporation Limited in Haldia, West Bengal

2. Visakhapatnam Refinery – Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh

Two inland oil-refineries in India are-

1. Bina Refinery – Bharat Oman Refineries Limited in Bina, Madhya Pradesh.

2. Panipat Refinery – Indian Oil Corporation Limited in Panipat, Haryan

(i) Why do the natural gas deposits mostly accompany oil deposits?

(i) Natural gas deposits mostly accompany oil deposits because it has been formed by decomposing remains of dead animals and plants buried under the earth.

(ii) What is added to domestic gas cylinders, which gives a foul smell? Why?

(ii) Ethyl mercaptan, a foul smelling gas is added to domestic gas cylinders, so that any leakage of LPG from the cylinder can be detected instantaneously.

Name one important area that has large coal deposits in:

(i) Jharkhand

(ii) West Bengal

(i) Jharia has large coal deposits in Jharkhand.

(ii) Raniganj has large coal deposits in West Bengal

State any one disadvantage of coal found in India.

Calorific value of coal in India is low
There are limited reserves of coal in India

The cost of production and transportation of coal is quite high

Name two states that have deposits of the Gondwana coal.

Jharkhand and Odisha have deposits of the Gondwana coal.

Name two industries that use large quantity of coal.

Two industries that use large quantity of coal are-

1. Iron and Steel industries

2. Thermal energy power plants

(i) Which state is the largest producer of mineral oil?

(i) Assam is the largest producer of mineral oil.

(ii) Mention any two advantages of hydel power.

(ii) Two advantages of hydel power are-

1. Hydel power is clean, non-polluting source of energy.

2. The damns build to produce hydroelectricity help to conserve and store water

3. It is a renewable source of energy

What is meant by hydel power?

Electricity generated from water is called hydel power.

With reference to the Bhakra Nangal Dam, answer the following:

(i) Name the river on which it has been constructed.

(ii) Name two states that benefit from this project.

(i) Bhakra Nangal dam has been constructed on the river Sutlej.

(ii) Punjab, Rajasthan and Haryana

(i) On which river is Hirakud Dam located?

(i) Hirakud dam is built across Mahanadi river.

(ii) Give any two uses of this dam.

(ii) Two uses of this dam are-

1. It regulates the flow of the Mahanadi river and produces hydroelectricity through several hydroelectric plants.

2. The dam helps control floods in the mahanadi delta and irrigates 75,000 sq km of land.

State three disadvantages of building a big dam.

Three disadvantages of building a big dam are-

1. The cost of building dams for producing hydroelectricity is quite high.

2. Building a large dam alters the natural water table level.

3. It can cause serious geological damage like triggering earthquakes in the area.

Where is Mumbai High? What is Sagar Samrat?

In Maharashtra, about 176 km off Mumbai in the Arabian Sea, there is a huge oil deposit known as Mumbai High.

The syncline of the rock structure in which oil has been struck is higher than the normal height and oil is taken from the depth of over 1,400 m with the help of a specially designed platform known as 'Sagar Samrat'. It is a self propelled jack-up type of drilling platform.

Why is coal often used near the source of its mining whereas mineral oil is transported to great distances?

Coal is a bulky material and its transportation is difficult and costly. Secondly, coal is not a hard but a soft mineral. If not transported in a proper way, it may get crushed and reduced to ash. This results in reduction of the weight of coal. Hence it is used near the source of mining.

Oil is transported to greater distances through pipelines which is a cheaper and easier means of transport.

Name the region in which India's main coalfields are located. What is the quality of coal found here? What are its uses?

The Gondwana coalfields are the largest in India as it accounts for 98% of the total reserves of coal in India. Gondwana coal fields are located in the states of West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh. These coal fields accounts for four-fifth of India's coal reserves.

Gondwana coal is mainly of bituminous quality. It is almost free from moisture and contains sulphur and phosphorus in small variable quantities.

Gondwana coal is used to produce coke, coal gas and steam coal.

State three advantages of dams.

Three advantages of dams are-

1. Dams built to produce hydroelectricity help to save and restore water.

2. Dams provide water for irrigation.

3. Dams prevent flooding.

Name four products that are obtained during the refining process of petroleum.

Four products that are obtained during the refining process of petroleum are-

1. Petrol

2. Diesel

3. Kerosene

4. Tar

Why does India have to import oil?

India has to import oil to meet the ever increasing industrial and domestic demands.

Name one refinery which belongs to the private sector and one in the public sector.

Jamnagar refinery in Gujarat belongs to the private sector and Guwahati Refinery in Assam is a public sector refinery.

Name the two coastal oil-refineries, one on the west coast of India and the other on the east coast of India. Name one inland oil refinery. List the sources of crude oil for these refineries.

Below are the oil-refineries along with their location and source of crude oil:

1. Oil refinery — Trombay refinery in Maharashtra
   Location — West coast of India
   Source of crude oil — Ankleshwar fields

2. Oil refinery — Visakhapatnam Refinery in Andhra Pradesh
   Location — East coast of India
   Source of crude oil — Tatipaka field

3. Oil refinery — Mathura refinery in Uttar Pradesh
   Location — Inland oil refinery
   Source of crude oil — Mumbai High

Where are the deposits of Petroleum normally located? Give two uses of Petroleum besides being used as a fuel.

Petroleum is normally found in underground reservoirs in sedimentary rock formations like sandstone, shale and limestone. The entire production of India comes from the Assam-Arakan belt, the Gujarat-Cambay belt and the Mumbai High offshore zone.

Two uses of Petroleum besides being used as a fuel are-

1. Petroleum after refining is used as raw material for the production of various petrochemical products like synthetic rubber, synthetic fibre, polysterene, PVC, phenol, gasoline etc.

2. It is used for power generation.

Advantage of Hydel Power

1)The damns build to produce hydroelectricity help to conserve and store water
2) Hydel power is a renewable source of energy
3) Hydel is a clean, non-polluting source of energy

Disadvantage of Hydel power

Building a large damn can cause serious geological damage like triggering an earthquakes in the area
Build a large damn alters natural water table level

Cost of construction of dam for producing hydroelectricity is quite high

Advantage of Natural Gas

1)It is clean, cheaper than diesel or gasoline
2) It is easier to preserve than other fuels
3) It is eco-friendly

Disadvantage of Natural Gas

1) leaks in case of natural gas are difficult to detect and can prove to be fatal. They may cause explosion
2)Natural Gas when used in vehicles as fuel gives out less milage
3) Although natural gas is abundant, it is a non-renewable gas and will be exhausted in the future

Advantage of Petroleum

It is used as a fuel
it Is used for power generation
Petroleum after refining is used as a raw material in the production of various petrochemical industries

Disadvantage of Petroleum

Petroleum is a natural gas and Hence, is non-renewable
Petroleum is expensive because of its limited supply and high demands
Petroleum is high inflammable