exam 4 geology of national parks

Why are there so many active volcanoes, like those at Lassen National Park and Mt. Rainier National Park, in theCascade region of North America

A subducting plate is there

Chaos Crags refers to ___________

none of the above

Which type of basaltic lava flow can be found in Hawaii and has a billowy or ropy surface?

pahoehoe

The ____ volcano _____ on Hawaii's "Big Island" is currently active.

none of the above

Development of the Yellowstone Caldera during the most recent volcanic cycle occurred______.

640,000 years ago

The cone building up around the vent of Old Faithful Geyser is made of:

sinter

Which of the following is not related to a main process occurring in geysers at Yellowstone National Park?

Water is heated by plate subduction

How are the beautiful colors produced at Grand Prismatic Hot Spring and Mammoth Hot Spring?

the colors at both locations are produced by thermophilic bacteria

Which of the following thermal-related features at Yellowstone National Park is known for precipitating carbonate?

hot springs, travertine terraces

The terraces that are built up around the Mammoth Hot Springs are composed of _____.

Travertine

At Yellowstone National Park you can see _____ with columnar joints. Columnar jointing is a result of _____.

basalt; cooling and contraction

Mt. Rainier rocks generally are classified as Andesite to Dacite. Based on this information and the graph above, you would say these are _____ _____ rocks

Intermediate, extrusive

When large volumes of magma are erupted quickly, the rock above the magma chamber collapses, leaving a _____ atthe surface

Caldera

Suppose a magma reaches the surface and becomes lava. Which lava composition is likely to flow the farthest, allelse being equal?

mafic

Which of the following is a process or are processes that can cause metamorphism of rocks?

heat and pressure

use the figure below to answer the question. In general, when a magma cools, of those minerals listed, which mineral would crystallize first?

calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar

If an intermediate igneous rock undergoes partial melting, a melt will form that is enriched in _________?

A, B, and C

At Yosemite National Park, what is the main rock type that dominates the landscape?

Granite

Referring to the image below, the relatively thin sheets of granitic rock that are separating from this rock formationlike an onion are due to a process called ______________. This process is primarily due to ____________

Exfoliation jointing; rock expansion with removal of confining pressure

____ indicate that Lassen Volcanic National Park is volcanically active.

all of the above

Volcanism at Lassen Volcanic National Park is generated by similar plate tectonic processes as those occurring in_____.

Mt. Rainier

Bumpass Hell and Devil's Backbone refer to ______________

none of the above

What type of volcano is not found at Lassen Volcanic National Park?

Shield

The Pinnacles are pyroclastic flow deposits in Crater Lake National Park where you can see a shift from light to darkcolored rocks in the outcrop. What does the color change correspond to?

Different phases of volcanism in the same location

Which of the following best describes how water moves in and out of Crater Lake?

Snowfall provides water; water is removed by evaporation and natural seepage

What type of feature is Wizard Island?

cinder cone

A lava tube is a long, cylindrical, natural conduit (tunnel) formed by ______

flowing lava from a volcanic vent that moves beneath what becomes the hardened surface of a lava flow

If you were hiking on a Hawaiian volcano and picked up a rock, you would most likely be able to describe it as ____.

Aphanitic, mafic

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park volcanic activity is characteristic of _____, whereas Yellowstone National Park istypical of ______.

viscous, gas-rich magma and oceanic lithosphere; pyroclastic volcanism associated with continental lithosphere

What type of volcano is Mauna Loa?

shield

Hawaiian volcanoes, produced by a hot-spot, are the youngest volcanos in a chain that becomes older movingnorthwest. This indicates that the Pacific plate has been moving ____ relative to the stable hotspot.

northwest

Which of the following are not components of Kilauea's volcanic plumbing system?

Subducted crust

Mauna Loa Volcano's true height (from the ocean floor to its peak) is approximately __________ ft.

48,000

The submarine volcano that is developing about 22 miles southeast of the main island of Hawaii is called _____.

lo'ihi

Hawaii National Park has many _____ volcanoes which erupt ______, while Mt. Rainier is a _____ thaterupts_______________

shield, quiescently (calmly); stratovolcano, explosively

Which of the following does not describe volcanism at Yellowstone?

None of the above

One of the oldest Yellowstone calderas is 16.5 million years old; therefore, it formed in the ____ Era.

Cenozoic

What is Yellowstone National Park named after?

The hydrothermally altered rhyolitic rocks that form the walls of the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone River

What feature is responsible for volcanism at Yellowstone National Park?

Stationary hot spot

The first established National Park is _____.

Yellowstone

Which National Parks have landscapes which have been altered by glaciation?

All of the above

Of the National Park volcanoes we have discussed, which is known for releasing the most volcanic ash?

Yellowstone

Which of the following is commonly associated with stratovolcanoes like Mount Rainier?

Subduction zones, quiescent (quiet, calm) eruptions

Which of the following are commonly associated with stratovolcanoes like Mount Rainier?

lternating layers of felsic to intermediate lava flows and pyroclastics

Which glacier on Mt. Rainier is the longest and lowest terminus glacier in the contiguous United States? It is also thedeepest glacier in the country

Emmons Glacie

What types of rocks would you likely observe when hiking at Mount Rainier National Park?

Intermediate igneous rocks

What type of volcanic eruption occurs along a linear volcanic vent, usually without any explosive activity?

Fissure eruption

What volcanic features occur where thermal groundwaters mix with large amounts of clay from altered volcanic ashon the way to the surface?

Boiling mud pots

Given the size and shape of the three main types of volcanoes, composite cones are more likely associated with______, ______ lavas and shield volcanoes are associated with ______, _______ lavas.

felsic, viscous; mafic, less-viscous

What does the foliated (banded or gneissic) texture of this rock tell you about the pressure (P) and temperature (T)setting in which it formed?

it formed in a high P, high T setting associated with directed (differential) stress

How could you determine if a metamorphic rock formed due to low-grade or high-grade metamorphism?

based on its texture and composition

Using the figure below and knowing that pressure increases with depth, if you move a "dry basalt" from a position atpoint A to a position at point B, the basalt would be_______?

at a higher pressure and higher temperature and solid

What is the general term for an underground igneous intrusion, once it has cooled and solidified?

pluton

Ash and dust, lapilli or cinders, and blocks and bombs are all types of ______________.

pyroclastics

Which of the following statements is true:

Basalt is an aphanitic, mafic, extrusive, igneous rock that is rich in iron and magnesium

Using the figure below, what igneous rock contains 50% silica, ~25% calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar, ~70%pyroxene, ~5% olivine, and is coarse grained?

Gabbro

Differences in the size, shape, and eruptive style of shield volcanoes as compared to composite volcanoes areprimarily due to differences in ____________

the silica content of their magmas and lavas

Which type of basaltic lava flow has a fairly smooth ropy surface?

None of the above

How could you determine if a basalt layer that exists between sedimentary formations (layers) is a lava flow or a sill?

the sedimentary layers above and below the basalt would be altered ("baked") if it were a sill; only thesedimentary layers below the basalt would be altered ("baked") if it were a lava flow

The granitic rock formations exposed in Yosemite National Park are ____________ the sedimentary rock formationsexposed in Canyonlands National Park?

older than

During the Mesozoic Era, several periods of igneous intrusions emplaced most granitic rocks in the area now occupiedby Yosemite NP. However, it was later during the Cenozoic Era (Pleistocene Epoch) in which repeated periods of_______________ resulted in the amazing landscape and numerous waterfalls we observe toda

Glacial advance and retreat

The image below is a zoomed-in view of what geological feature within Yosemite NP? What is the relative age of thelight-colored granite xenoliths (inclusions) relative to the dark-colored diorite?

Half Dome; granite is older than diorite

Royal Arches (see below) are a geological feature that resulted from _____

Exfoliation jointing - rock expansion with removal of confining pressure

There are many roche moutonnée in Yosemite NP. A roche moutonnée is ______________

An erosional glacial hill composed of fractured bedrock

Lassen Volcanic National Park and Yellowstone National Park are similar in that they ______, but differ in _______.

are hydrothermally active; the process driving volcanism

Lassen Peak is a _____?

Volcanic Dome

Mount Mazama is associated with ____, while Mount Tehama (Brokeoff Volcano) is associated with ____.

Crater Lake National Park; Lassen Volcanic National Park

Painted Dunes at Lassen Volcanic National Park have brownish red and yellow colors. This is primarily caused by:

iron oxidation

Brokeoff Volcano at Lassen Volcanic National Park ______.

All of the above

Lassen Peak in Lassen Volcanic National Park erupted most recently _______

In the early 1900s

Which of the following statements is true:

A, B, and C are all true