Reading and Writing

Patterns of development

the ways ideas are organized in a text to make it clear, logical, and meaningful. Writers choose a pattern depending on their purpose.

Narration, Description, Definition, Classification and Division, Comparison and Contrast, Cause and effect, Problem and Solution.

Common patterns of development

Narration

Tells a story or recounts events in sequence.

Narration

Focuses on time order and actions.

Narration

Uses transition words like first, next, then, finally.

Description

Describes a person, place, object, or event vividly.

Description

Uses sensory details (sight, sound, smell, taste, touch).

Definition

Explains the meaning of a term or concept.

May include examples, characteristics, and functions.

Classification and Divison

Groups ideas, objects, or concepts into categories.

Shows similarities and differences among groups.

Comparison and Contrast

Shows similarities and/or differences between two or more subjects.

Cause and effect

Explains reasons (causes) and results (effects).

Uses words like because, therefore, as a result.

Problem and solution

Identifies a problem and proposes one or more solutions.

Commonly used in persuasive and academic texts.

Organization, Coherence, Cohesion, Clarity, Unity, and Accuracy

A well-written text communicates ideas clearly and effectively. It has the following properties:

Organization

Ideas are logically arranged with a clear beginning, middle, and end.

Organization

Paragraphs are well-structured and focused on one main idea.

Coherence

Ideas are connected and flow smoothly.

Achieved through proper transitions and logical sequencing.

Cohesion

The use of connecting words, pronouns, and references to link sentences and paragraphs.Helps readers understand relationships between ideas.

Clarity

Ideas are expressed clearly and precisely.

Avoids vague words and unnecessary information.

Unity

All ideas in the text support the main topic or thesis.

No irrelevant or unrelated details.

Accuracy

Information is correct, factual, and reliable.

Sources are credible when used.

Claim

a statement or assertion that a writer wants readers to accept. It is the main argument of a text.

Claim of Fact, Value, Policy

Types of Claim

Claim of Fact

Asserts that something is true or false.

Can be proven with evidence.

Claim of Value

Expresses judgment about what is good, bad, right, or wrong.

Based on standards or values.

Claim of Policy

Suggests an action or solution to a problem.

Often uses words like should, must, need to.

context

refers to the situation or background in which a text is written.

Author, Audience, Purpose, Setting, and Culture and Society

Elements of Context

Author

the writer’s background, beliefs, and purpose.

Audience

 the intended readers of the text.

Purpose

the reason for writing (to inform, persuade, entertain).

Setting

the time, place, and social situation where the text was produced.

Culture and Society

traditions, norms, and issues that influence the text.