PSYC2050 QUIZ ONE

MATERIALS FROM LECTURES 1-5

Learning is a _______ change

Semipermanent

What are the 4 common features of learning?

there is change, change is lasting, it's tied to experience and practice and the learning situation is important

Is habituation associative or non-associative

Non-associative

Habituation occurs when we get used to a ______________

Novel stimulus

Habituation is the ______ form of learning

Simplest

The opposite of habituation is _________

Sensitisation

_______ learning involves connecting stimuli and forging new associations

Associative

The effects of rewards or punishments are examples of ________ learning

Associative

What is classical conditioning?

A form of associative learning where a stimulus elicits an innate response.

What is the Free Energy Principle?

Human body wants to minimise surprise, in turn minimising free energy

What is the goal of minimizing free energy?

To achieve equilibrium with the environment and reduce disorder.

What is sensory entropy?

The level of surprise or unpredictability in sensory information.

What are the four elements of classical conditioning?

US, UR, CS, CR

Unconditioned responses are ______

Innate

Conditioned responses are _______________

Learned

Little Albert was an example of ________ fear

Generalised

What are the three stages in a classical conditioning experiment?

Habituation, Acquisition, Extinction

Classical conditioning is an example of _____________ learning

Associative

What two factors influence the acquisition curve?

Intensity of the US and order/time

What is delay conditioning - short ?

CS shortly before and during US

What is delay conditioning - long?

CS long before and during US

What is trace conditioning?

CS before trace interval (pause) then US

What is simultaneous conditioning?

CS and US as simultaneously

What is backward conditioning?

US before CS

What is temporal conditioning?

The US is paired with a particular time of day

What are the two types of Pavlovian conditioning?

Excitatory and Inhibitory conditioning

In excitatory conditioning, the CS predicts the _________ of the US

Occurence

In inhibitory conditioning, the CS predicts the _________ of the US

Absence

What are the two tests for an inhibitory stimulus?

The retardation test and the summation test

What passes in the retardation test?

When learning is slower for the subject stimulus than for a neutral stimulus

What passes in the summation test?

When learning is slower for an excitatory stimulus when it is also paired with the subject stimulus

What are the three types of re-acquisition after extinction?

Spontaneous recovery, renewal and reinstatement

In spontaneous recovery, _________

after a break, there is spontaneous recovery of the CR

In renewal, ______

There is recovery of the CR due to a change in context

In reinstatement, _________

There is recovery of the CR when exposed to the US

What is blocking?

When learning of a neutral stimulus is blocked due to the presence of an excitatory stimulus

What is superconditioning?

When the learning of a neutral stimulus happens quickly due to the presence of an inhibitory stimulus

CS pre-exposure passes the _______ but not the ________

retardation test, summation test

CS pre-exposure affects __________

Attention

The more similar a stimulus is to the CS, the ____ likely it is to elicit the CR

More

As time goes on, the organism uses ______ to learn which stimuli are best paired with the CR

discrimination

The differential conditioning paradigm shows ___________ for fear irrelevant stimuli than for fear-relevant stimuli

faster extinction

Operant conditioning is learnt through _______

reinforcement

Pavlovian conditioning relies on instinctual associations, but operant conditioning relies on ________ _______

voluntary behaviours

_______ involves selective reinforcement of behaviours resembling the target behaviour

Shaping

_______ is used in operant conditioning by using a reinforcer (positive) to gradually help the subject into doing the target behaviour

Baiting

______ involves physically moving the subject to get them to do the target behaviour

Sculpting

______ is when you teach a behaviour by breaking it up into its smaller parts

Chaining

chaining is most effective when the behaviours are completed _______

backwards

Taking away a bad stimulus is _______

negative reinforcement

Taking away a good stimulus is _______

Negative punishment

Adding a good stimulus is _______

Positive reinforcement

Adding a bad stimulus is _______

Positive punishment

What are the two schedules of reinforcement?

Continuous and partial

What are the four subtypes of partial reinforcement?

Ratio and interval, Fixed and variable

______ reinforcement occurs related to the number of instance of the behaviour

Ratio

______ reinforcement occurs related to the time of the instance of behaviour

Interval

________ reinforcement occurs every nth time or after every nth second

Fixed

________ reinforcement occurs, on average every nth time or after every nth second

Variable

What is the most effective form of partial reinforcement?

Variable ratio (provides reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses, which leads to high and consistent response rates)

Is continuous reinforcement more effective than partial

Yes

Is reinforcement more effective than punishment?

Yes

What are the two reward variables?

Size and drive

Schedules of Reinforcement

Continuous (CRF): Each response

Partial (PRF): Only some. Two types - ratio vs interval

Ratio

Fixed ratio and Variable ratio

Interval (sub-types)

Fixed interval and Variable interval

Three term contingency

1. The discriminative stimulus (the occasion)
2. The operant response (the behaviour)
3. The outome (reinforcer/punisher) that follows (the consequence)

What is Skinner's operational definition of a reinforcer?

A reinforcer increases rate of behaviour and a punishment decreases rate of behaviour.

What is the drive reduction theory?

internal stimulus that motivates an individual to sate the drive. Primary drives are innate.

What are primary and secondary reinforcers?

primary: innate/biological, secondary: reinforcing due to association with primary

What is Premack's principle?

Behaviors are hierarchical

Explain the Rescorla-Wagner model

Assumes that a CR is stronger if the CS-US pair is surprising

What are the 3 incorrect hidden assumptions of classical conditioning?

1. Equipotentiality (any two stimuli can be paired together)
2. Contiguity (the more two stimuli are paired the stronger association)
3. Contingency (conditioning changes trial to trial in regular way)