Nutrition

Mouth

Where food enters and begins to break down, produces saliva

Esophagus

Tube that leads to stomach, has cardiac valve

Stomach

Where food is held and digested, has a pyloric sphincter

Mouth

Esophagus

Stomach

Small intestine

Cecum (sometimes)

Large intestine

Rectum and anus

What is the order of the digestive tract

Reduce particle size

What is the function of the parts preceding the intestines

Villi

Finger-like projections in the small intestine, aids in nutrients absorption

Duodenum

Jejunum

Ileum

Parts of the small intestine

Large intestine

Absorbs water, forms feces and mucous

Because the cecum is posterior to the site of absorption

Why do horses not obtain all the nutrients made by micro organisms

Crop

Enlargement of esophagus where food is stored

Proventriculus

Glandular stomach that secretes juices in poultry

Gizzard

Organ in poultry that has bits of sand and rock to help grind down food

Cloaca

Where droppings and urine exit in poultry

Rumen

Large fermentation vat where bacteria and protozoa work to help digest, lined with papillae

Microorganisms, Small intestines

(blank) are later digested in the (blank) to provide nutrients for animals

Reticulum

Honeycomb shape, interacts with rumen in initiating mixing and provides additional area for fermentation

Omasum

Has many folds but no major digestive function

Abomasum

True stomach of ruminants, possess HCL

Cud

Regurgitation of chewed, slightly digested food; also called bolus of food

Rumination

Process through which grass is eaten slightly digested regurgitated, chewed again and repeated

Eructation

Belching, caused by fermentation of microorganisms in the stomach

Carnivore

Consumes animal tissues as main source of nutrients, shorter digestive tract

Herbivore

Main source of nutrients from plant tissues, longer digestive system with modified gastric and or colon areas

Omnivore

Main source of nutrients comes from plant and animal tissue, intermediate digestive system

Monogastrics (non-ruminate)

Digestion begins in stomach

Most digestion and absorption in small intestines

Carnivores and omnivores

Ruminants

Complex 4 compartmented stomachs

Non-ruminate herbivores

Have simple or monogastric stomach and cecum

Pigs

What livestock is monogastric

Cattle

Sheep

Goats

What livestock is ruminate

Horses

Which livestock is non-ruminate herbivores

Horns or antlers

Many ruminates have…

Lips

tongue

Swallowing and sphincter muscles

The whole digestive tract is smooth muscle except for…

None

What animals specific to this class is a carnivore

Carnivore

Herbivore

Omnivore

What are the 3 feeding behaviors

Digestion and absorption of nutrients

Main function of small intestines

Remove water and form feces

Main function of large intestine

Abomasum

What is the true stomach of a ruminate

Water

Carbs

Fats

Proteins

Minerals

Vitamins

What are the basic classes of nutrients

Water

Refers to drinking

Moisture

Water content in feed

Dry matter

Remainder of feed after accounting for water

Metabolic reactions

Transport nutrients

Maintain body temp

Cell shape

What does water do in the body

80%

Forage is (blank) water

2-4 times

How much water is consumed in reference to feed to match forage

Glucose

Fructose

Galactose

Simple carbs

Cellulose

Complex carbs

Provide sources of energy

What do carbs do

Glucose and Glycogen

Which carbs are stored in the tissue

solid

Fats are (blank) at room temp

Liquid

Oils are (blank) at room temp

2\.25 times/pound

Fats have how much more energy than carbs

3 fatty acids and glycerol

What is the composition of fats

Saturated fat

Single bond fat

Unsaturated fat

1 or more double bonds

Essential fatty acids

Insulation

Cushion organs and joints

Protect nerve fibers

Storage of energy

What are the functions of Fat

Protein

Which class of nutrients is the only one to contain nitrogen

C H O N

Proteins always contain…

1 amino acid

Simple proteins contain…

additional non-amino acid substances like heme, CHO, or lipids

Complex proteins contain…

Fat takes up a lot of space and can fill up the stomach before other nutritional requirements are met

What is fat diet less than \~5%

\~16%

Proteins in feed contain (blank) Nitrogen

6\.25 nitrogen

You can find how much protein feed contains by multiplying (blank) by grams of (blank)

6\.25x3g=18.75g

A feed sample is analyzed and has 3% nitrogen. We know 100g of feed contains 3g of Nitrogen. How many grams of protein are there?

Dipeptide

Bonding of 2 amino acids

Growth

Milk production

Tissue repair

Enzyme production

What do proteins do

Amino acids

What are proteins made of

Phenylalanine

Valine

Tryptophan

Threonine

Isoleucine

Methionine

Histidine

Arginine

Leucine

Lysin

Essential amino acids

PVT TIM HALL

What acronym can you use to remember the essential amino acids

diet

Where do non-ruminates get essential amino acids from

Macrominerals

Minerals required by the body in large amounts

Calcium

Phosphorous

Sodium

Chlorine

Potassium

Magnesium

Sulfur

What are the macronutrients

Microminerals

Minerals required in trace amounts

Cobalt

Utilized in vitamin B12

Copper and Zinc

Utilized in enzyme systems

Iodine

Used by thyroid

Iron

Utilized in blood

Selenium

Utilized in vitamin E

Organic minerals

Minerals bound to carbon

Inorganic mineral

Minerals not bound to carbon

White muscle disease

Deficiency of Se and/or vitamin E

Stiffness or inability to stand

Grass tetany (staggers)

Deficiency of magnesium

Nervous tense head, staring into space

Occurs in spring when lactating animals on pasture

Rickets (osteomalacia)

Deficiency of Ca, P or vitamin D

Bones are soft and deformed

Pica (eating non food items)

Parakeratosis

Excess Ca which triggers Zinc deficiency

Unthrifty appearance, resemble mange