Studied by 15 people
Mouth
Where food enters and begins to break down, produces saliva
Esophagus
Tube that leads to stomach, has cardiac valve
Stomach
Where food is held and digested, has a pyloric sphincter
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Cecum (sometimes)
Large intestine
Rectum and anus
What is the order of the digestive tract
Reduce particle size
What is the function of the parts preceding the intestines
Villi
Finger-like projections in the small intestine, aids in nutrients absorption
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Parts of the small intestine
Large intestine
Absorbs water, forms feces and mucous
Because the cecum is posterior to the site of absorption
Why do horses not obtain all the nutrients made by micro organisms
Crop
Enlargement of esophagus where food is stored
Proventriculus
Glandular stomach that secretes juices in poultry
Gizzard
Organ in poultry that has bits of sand and rock to help grind down food
Cloaca
Where droppings and urine exit in poultry
Rumen
Large fermentation vat where bacteria and protozoa work to help digest, lined with papillae
Microorganisms, Small intestines
(blank) are later digested in the (blank) to provide nutrients for animals
Reticulum
Honeycomb shape, interacts with rumen in initiating mixing and provides additional area for fermentation
Omasum
Has many folds but no major digestive function
Abomasum
True stomach of ruminants, possess HCL
Cud
Regurgitation of chewed, slightly digested food; also called bolus of food
Rumination
Process through which grass is eaten slightly digested regurgitated, chewed again and repeated
Eructation
Belching, caused by fermentation of microorganisms in the stomach
Carnivore
Consumes animal tissues as main source of nutrients, shorter digestive tract
Herbivore
Main source of nutrients from plant tissues, longer digestive system with modified gastric and or colon areas
Omnivore
Main source of nutrients comes from plant and animal tissue, intermediate digestive system
Monogastrics (non-ruminate)
Digestion begins in stomach
Most digestion and absorption in small intestines
Carnivores and omnivores
Ruminants
Complex 4 compartmented stomachs
Non-ruminate herbivores
Have simple or monogastric stomach and cecum
Pigs
What livestock is monogastric
Cattle
Sheep
Goats
What livestock is ruminate
Horses
Which livestock is non-ruminate herbivores
Horns or antlers
Many ruminates have…
Lips
tongue
Swallowing and sphincter muscles
The whole digestive tract is smooth muscle except for…
None
What animals specific to this class is a carnivore
Carnivore
Herbivore
Omnivore
What are the 3 feeding behaviors
Digestion and absorption of nutrients
Main function of small intestines
Remove water and form feces
Main function of large intestine
Abomasum
What is the true stomach of a ruminate
Water
Carbs
Fats
Proteins
Minerals
Vitamins
What are the basic classes of nutrients
Water
Refers to drinking
Moisture
Water content in feed
Dry matter
Remainder of feed after accounting for water
Metabolic reactions
Transport nutrients
Maintain body temp
Cell shape
What does water do in the body
80%
Forage is (blank) water
2-4 times
How much water is consumed in reference to feed to match forage
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Simple carbs
Cellulose
Complex carbs
Provide sources of energy
What do carbs do
Glucose and Glycogen
Which carbs are stored in the tissue
solid
Fats are (blank) at room temp
Liquid
Oils are (blank) at room temp
2.25 times/pound
Fats have how much more energy than carbs
3 fatty acids and glycerol
What is the composition of fats
Saturated fat
Single bond fat
Unsaturated fat
1 or more double bonds
Essential fatty acids
Insulation
Cushion organs and joints
Protect nerve fibers
Storage of energy
What are the functions of Fat
Protein
Which class of nutrients is the only one to contain nitrogen
C H O N
Proteins always contain…
1 amino acid
Simple proteins contain…
additional non-amino acid substances like heme, CHO, or lipids
Complex proteins contain…
Fat takes up a lot of space and can fill up the stomach before other nutritional requirements are met
What is fat diet less than ~5%
~16%
Proteins in feed contain (blank) Nitrogen
6.25 nitrogen
You can find how much protein feed contains by multiplying (blank) by grams of (blank)
6.25x3g=18.75g
A feed sample is analyzed and has 3% nitrogen. We know 100g of feed contains 3g of Nitrogen. How many grams of protein are there?
Dipeptide
Bonding of 2 amino acids
Growth
Milk production
Tissue repair
Enzyme production
What do proteins do
Amino acids
What are proteins made of
Phenylalanine
Valine
Tryptophan
Threonine
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine
Arginine
Leucine
Lysin
Essential amino acids
PVT TIM HALL
What acronym can you use to remember the essential amino acids
diet
Where do non-ruminates get essential amino acids from
Macrominerals
Minerals required by the body in large amounts
Calcium
Phosphorous
Sodium
Chlorine
Potassium
Magnesium
Sulfur
What are the macronutrients
Microminerals
Minerals required in trace amounts
Cobalt
Utilized in vitamin B12
Copper and Zinc
Utilized in enzyme systems
Iodine
Used by thyroid
Iron
Utilized in blood
Selenium
Utilized in vitamin E
Organic minerals
Minerals bound to carbon
Inorganic mineral
Minerals not bound to carbon
White muscle disease
Deficiency of Se and/or vitamin E
Stiffness or inability to stand
Grass tetany (staggers)
Deficiency of magnesium
Nervous tense head, staring into space
Occurs in spring when lactating animals on pasture
Rickets (osteomalacia)
Deficiency of Ca, P or vitamin D
Bones are soft and deformed
Pica (eating non food items)
Parakeratosis
Excess Ca which triggers Zinc deficiency
Unthrifty appearance, resemble mange
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Flashcard (54)