Exam 2 study guide

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84 Terms

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3 basic parts of the cell
cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm
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principles of cell theory
all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, cells arise from pre-existing cells, hereditary info is passed from cell, all cells have basic chemical composition, energy flow occurs within cells
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cell membrane
Separates insides of cell from the outside environment. Dictates what passes through the cell
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defining characteristic for difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus, eukaryotes do have a nucleus
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this type of cell HAS a nucleus
eukaryotic
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this type of cell does NOT have a nucleus
prokaryotic
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ribosome function
synthesize proteins
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structure used during bacterial conjugation
pili
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know these structures:
cell membrane, nucleoid, flagella
cell membrane, nucleoid, flagella
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Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
Father of Microbiology. discovered cells with microscope
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function of the endomembrane system
modifies, transports, and packages proteins and lipids in the cell
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cell junctions found in animal cells
tight junctions, adhering junctions, gap junctions
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cell junctions found in plant cells
plasmodesmata
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tight junctions
fasten cell membranes of adjacent cells together, keep bodily fluid contained
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adhering junctions
make up cardiac muscles and skin
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gap junctions
closable channels between cells; let substances flow quickly between cells
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plasmodesmata
open channels between cytoplasm of two cells, similar to gap junction in animal cells.
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what are the different structures cells use to move
motor proteins, cilia, pseudopods
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exocytosis
moving something inside the cell to the outside. movement of vesicles and their content outside of the cell
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ATP
cell currency, produces energy
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chemical energy
energy stored in chemical bonds
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kinetic energy
the energy of motion; type of energy associated with movement
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potential energy
stored energy related to something's position
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autotrophs
make own food using the sun's energy; producers
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heterotrophs
doesn't make own food, eats others for energy; consumers
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first 2 laws of thermodynamics
1: energy can't be created or destroyed
2: energy tends to disperse
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exergonic reactions
energy releasing, spontaneous
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endergonic reactions
energy consuming; need energy
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catabolism
destroys; uses and produces energy
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anabolism
builds; uses energy
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metabolism
chemical reaction in body's cells that change food into energy
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energy
ability to do work; ability to cause some kind of change
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activation energy
minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction
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enzymes are..
reusable
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coenzymes are..
not reusable
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where does catalysis occur on enzymes
the active site
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difference between linear and cyclic pathways
linear reactions happen in order and stop. cyclic reactions happen in order and the last one restarts the reaction chain
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receptor proteins
Trigger change in cellular activity in response to stimuli
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adhesion proteins
Fasten cell’s membranes together
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transport proteins
Transports substances across lipid bilayer
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enzymes
Catalyzes reactions at membrane
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active use of transport proteins
requires energy to move across cell membrane, goes against gradient differences
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passive use of transport proteins
doesn't require input to happen
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phosphorylation
donates phosphate group to enzyme which donates to reaction
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diffusion
spontaneous spreading of molecules or atoms through a fluid or gas
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catalysis
speeds up reactions
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osmosis
the movement of fluid across membranes
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where does photosynthesis occur in eukaryotic cells?
chloroplasts, thylakoid, stroma
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visible light
light with a wavelength of 380-750nm
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different colors come from..
different wavelengths of light
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photon energy is () to wavelength
inverse
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what pigment gives plants their green color
chlorophyll a
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photon
a particle of light
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Theodor Engelmann
Discovered sunlight is driver for photosynthesis, hypothesized color of light affects photosynthesis; blue and red are best for driving photosynthesis
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where do light dependent reactions take place?
the thylakoid membrane
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cyclic light dependent reactions use..
PSI
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noncyclic light dependent reactions use..
PSI and PSII
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what flows through the ATP synthase to trigger phosphorylation
H+ ; hydrogen ions
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products of cyclic light dependent reactions
ATP
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products of noncyclic light dependent reactions
ATP, NADPH, Oxygen
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carbon fixation
taking carbon atoms from inorganic molecules (CO₂) to attach them to organic molecules (sugar)
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products of light independent reactions
sugars (glucose)
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where do light independent reactions occur
stroma
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this enzyme starts the Calvin Cycle (light independent reactions)
rubisco
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most molecules of PGAL are () back into the Calvin Cycle
recycled
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C3 Plants
fix carbon by the calvin cycle. 85% of modern plants. produces CO2 and ammonia during photorespiration
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C4 Plants
fix carbon twice. 3% of modern plants. minimizes photorespiration
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CAM Plants
fix carbon twice. stomata open at night, conserve water, desert plants. 12% of modern plants
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carbon dioxide is a ( ) of photosynthesis [product or reactant]
reactant
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DNA is stored here in eukaryotic cells
nucleus
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what structure do photosynthetic eukaryotes NOT use during photosynthesis
cytoplasm
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T/F photons with high energy will have longer wavelengths
False
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the transport protein ATP synthase using what to activate and attach a phosphate group to make ATP?
hydrogen ions
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this type of plant only uses the basic steps of the calvin cycle (only fixes carbon once)
C3 Plants
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how did oxygen negatively affect the Earth
it was toxic, it polluted the air
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Great Oxidation Event
killed off most anaerobic life, triggered an ice age, gave rise to multicellularity.
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oxidative stress
Free radicals accumulating and stopping the mitochondria from functioning, damages tissues.
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aerobic
can live in the presence of oxygen
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anaerobic
without oxygen
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antioxidants
minimizes damages caused by oxygen
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glycolysis
this process happens in the cytoplasm
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glycolysis produces..
ATP by converting glucose to pyruvate
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what does oxygen do during electron transfer phosphorylation?
O₂ accepts electrons from transfer chain and other H+. creates H₂O
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why is fermentation less efficient than aerobic respiration
It doesn’t fully break down glucose and only produces 2 molecules of ATP vs aerobic respiration producing 36 molecules of ATP