Practical Research

True

In quantitative research, researchers know in advance what they are looking for

False

Quantitative research can be easily misinterpreted because it provides numerical data.

True

Quantitative research puts emphasis on proof, rather than discovery.

False

Normative research is conducted by researcher whose aim would be to find out the direction and/or relationship between different variables or group of respondents under study.

False

Qualitative research requires a large number of respondents. It assumes that the larger the

sample is, the more statistically accurate the findings are.

False

Evaluation describes the status of a phenomenon at a particular time. It describes without

value judgment a situation that prevents.

true or false

True

Correlational is conducted by researchers whose aim would be to find out the direction

and/or relationship between different variables or groups of respondents under study.

True

Methodological is the implementation of a variety of methodologies that forms a critical part

of achieving the goal of developing a scaled-matched approach, where data from different

disciplines can be integrated

True

One characteristics of quantitative research is that its method can be repeated to verify

findings in another setting, thus, reinforcing validity findings

true or false

True

In quantitative experiments it filters out external factors, if properly designed, and so the

results gained can be seen, as real and unbiased.

Quantitative Research

an objective, systematic empirical investigation of observable

phenomena through the use of computational techniques

Quantitative Research

highlights numerical analysis of data

hoping that the numbers yield unbiased results that can be generalized to some larger population and

explain a particular observation.

Quantitative Research

concerned with numbers and its

relationship with events.

Quantitative Research

suggests that the data concerned can be analyzed in terms of

numbers

Objective

A characteristic of Quantitative research seeks accurate measurement and analysis of target

concepts. It is not based on mere intuition and guesses. Data are gathered before proposing a

conclusion or solution to a proble m.

Clearly defined research questions

A characteristic that The researchers know in advance what

they are looking for. The research questions are well-defined for which objective answers are

sought. All aspects of the study are carefully designed before data are gathere d.

Structured Research Instrument

Standardized instruments guide data

collection, thus, ensuring the accuracy, reliability and validity of data. Data are normally gathered

using structured research tools such as questionnaires to collect measurable characteristics of the

population like age, socio-economic status, number of children, among others.

(characteristics)

Numerical Data

Figures, tables or graphs showcase summarized data collection in order

to show trends, relationships or differences among variables. In sum, the charts and tables allow

you to see the evidence collected.

Large sample sizes

To arrive at a more reliable data analysis, a normal population

distribution curve is preferred. This requires a large sample size, depending on how the

characteristics of the population vary. Random sampling is recommended in determining the

sample size to avoid researcher’s bias in interpreting the results.

Replication

Quantitative methods can be repeated to verify findings in another setting,

thus strengthen and reinforcing validity of findings eliminating the possibility of spurious

conclusions.

(characteristics)

Future Outcomes

By using complex mathematical calculations and with the aid of

computers, if-then scenarios may be formulated thus predicting future results. Quantitative

research puts emphasis on proof, rather than discover y.

Strength

It is objective. The most reliable and valid way of concluding results, giving way to a new

hypothesis or to disproving it. Because of bigger number of the sample of a population,

the results or generalizations are more reliable and valid. Since it provides numerical data,

it can’t be easily misinterpreted.
strength or weakness

Strength

The use of statistical techniques facilitates sophisticated analyses and allows you to

comprehend a huge amount of vital characteristics of data .

Strength

It is real and unbiased. If the research is properly designed it filters out external factors,

and so can be seen as real and unbiased.
strength or weakness

Strength

The numerical data can be analyzed in a quick and easy way. By employing statistically

valid random models, findings can be generalized to the population about which

information is necessary.

strength or weakness

Strength

Quantitative studies are replicable. Standardized approaches allow the study to be

replicated in different areas or over time with formulation of comparable findings.
strength or weakness

Strength

Quantitative experiments are useful for testing the results gained by a series of qualitative

experiments, leading to a final answer, and narrowing down of possible directions to

follow.
strength or weakness

Weakness

Quantitative research requires a large number of respondents. It is assumed that the

larger the sample is, the more statistically accurate the findings are.

strength or weakness

Weakness

It is costly. Since, there are more respondents compared to qualitative research, the

expenses will be greater in reaching out to these people and in reproducing

questionnaires.

strength or weakness?

Weakness

The information is contextual factors to help interpret the results or to explain

variations are usually ignored. It does not consider the distinct capacity of the

respondents to share and elaborate further information unlike the qualitative

research.

strength or weakness

Weakness

Much information are difficult to gather using structured research instruments,

specifically on sensitive issues like pre-marital sex, domestic violence, among others .

Weakness

If not done seriously and correctly, data from questionnaires may be incomplete and

inaccurate. Researchers must be on the look-out on respondents who are just

guessing in answering the instrument.

strength or weakness?

Research Design

refers to the overall strategy that you choose in order to integrate the

different components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby ensuring you will

effectively address the research proble m.

Research Design

constitutes the blueprint for the selection, measurement and analysis of data

Quantitative Methods

emphasize objective measurements and the statistical,

mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through polls, questionnaires, and surveys,

or by manipulating pre-existing statistical data using computational techniques.

Experimental research design

This allows the researcher to control the situation.

In doing so, it allows the researcher to answer the question, “What causes something to occur? ”

Experimental research design

This kind of research also allows the researcher to identify cause and effect relationships between

variables and to distinguish placebo effects from treatment effects. Further, this research design

supports the ability to limit alternative explanations and to infer direct causal relationships in the

study; the approach provides the highest degree level of evidence for single studies.

pre-experimental design

A type of research apply to experimental design

that with least internal validity.

pre-experimental design

Instead of comparing the pretest with the posttest within one group, the

posttest of the treated groups is compared with that of an untreated group. Measuring

the effect as the difference between groups marks this as between-subjects design.

Assuming both groups experienced the same time-related influences, the comparison group feature should protect this design from the rival explanations that threaten the

within-subject design.

quasi-experimental design

In this design, the researcher can collect more

data, either by scheduling more observations or finding more existing measures.

quasi-experimental design

involves selecting groups, upon which a variable is tested, without

any random pre-selection processes.

pre-experimental design, quasi-experimental design, true-experimental design

3 types of experimental research design

non-equivalent control group, interrupted time series design

two types of quasi-experimental design

non-equivalent control group

This refers to the chance failure of

random assignment to equalize the conditions by converting a true

experiment into this kind of design, for purpose of analysis.

interrupted time series design

It employs multiple measures before

and after the experimental intervention. It differs from the single-group pre-

experiment that has only one pretest and one posttest. Users of this design

assume that the time threats such as history or maturation appear as regular

changes in the measures prior to the intervention.

True-experimental design

It controls for both time-related and group-

related threats. Two features mark true experiments: two or more differently treated

groups; and random assignment to these groups. These features require that the

researchers have control over the experimental treatment and the power to place

subjects in groups.

True-experimental design

employs both treated and control groups to deal

with time-related rival explanations.

True-experimental design

offers the highest internal validity of all the designs.

Quasi-experimental design differs from true experimental design by the absence of

random assignment of subjects to different conditions.

non-experimental design

In this kind of design, the researcher observes the

phenomena as they occur naturally and no external variables are introduced.

non-experimental design

In this research

design, the variables are not deliberately manipulated nor is the setting controlled. Researchers

collect data without making changes or introducing treatments.

descriptive research design

non-experimental design may also called as

descriptive research design

main purpose is to observe, describe and

document aspects of a situation as it naturally occurs and sometimes to serve as a starting point

for hypothesis generation or theory development.

survey

a type of descriptive research design where It is used to gather information from groups of people by selecting and

studying samples chosen from a population. This is useful when the objective of

the study is to see general picture of the population under investigation in terms

of their social and economic characteristics, opinions, and their knowledge about

the behavior towards a certain phenomenon.

correlational

a type of descriptive research design where It is conducted by researchers whose aim would be to

find out the direction, associations and/or relationship between different variables

or groups of respondents under study

bivariate correlational studies

a type of correlational where It obtains score from two variables

for each subject, and then uses them to calculate a correlation coefficient.

The term bivariate implies that the two variables are correlated (variables

are selected because they are believed to be related).

prediction studies

a type of correlational where It uses correlation coefficient to show how one

variable (the predictor variable) predicts another (the criterion variable).

multiple regression prediction studies

a type of correlational where All variables in the study

can contribute to the over-all prediction in an equation that adds

together the predictive power of each identified variable.

ex-post facto or causal-comparative

This kind of research

derives conclusion from observations and manifestations that already occurred in

the past and now compared to some dependent variables. It discusses why and

how a phenomenon occurs.

causal-comparative

ex-post factor can also be called as

comparative

It involves comparing and contrasting two or more samples

of study subjects on one or more variables, often at a single point of time.

Specifically, this design is used to compare two distinct groups on the basis of

selected attributes such as knowledge level, perceptions, and attitudes, physical

or psychological symptoms.

normative

It describes the norm level of characteristics for a given

behavior. For example: If you are conducting a research on the study habits of

the high school students you are to use the range of score to describe the level

of their study habits. The same true is when you would want to describe their

academic performance.

evaluative

It is a process used to determine what has happened during a

given activity or in an institution. The purpose of evaluation is to see if a given

program is working, an institution is successful according to the goals set for it,

or the original intent was successfully attained. In other words, in evaluation

judgments can be in the forms of social utility, desirability, or effectiveness of a

process. For example, we can cite here a situation. In evaluation study, it will not

just be considering the performance of the students who were taught under

modular instruction; instead, it is the rate of progress that happened among the

students who were exposed to modular instruction.

methodological

In this approach, the implementation of a variety of

methodologies forms a critical part of achieving the goal of developing a scale-

matched approach, where data from different disciplines can be integrated.

quantitative Research & accounting, business and management (abm)

Researches can help design a new product or service, figuring out what is needed and ensure the

development of product is highly targeted towards demand. Businessmen can also utilize research results to

guarantee sufficient distribution of their products and decide where they need to increase their product

distribution. Conducting researches can also help a business determine whether now is the proper time to

open another branch or whether it needs to apply for a new loan. It may also help a small business decide if a

procedure or strategy should be change to meet the requirements of the customer base. Research is

important for any organization to remain in the market. The primary function of research in ABM is to

correctly determine its customers and their preferences, establish the enterprise in the most feasible location,

deliver quality goods and services, analyze what the competitors are doing and find ways on how to

continuously satisfy the growing and varied needs of the clients.

quantitative Research and anthropology

It is

concerned with exploring connections simultaneously, amidst cultural differences, alternatives and identity. In

the contemporary academic, socio-cultural and political climate these concepts have immense symbolic

overtones.

quantitative Research and communication

Researchers are often interested in how an understanding of a particular communication

phenomenon might generalize to a larger population. For example, researchers can advance questions like

“What Effect do punitive behavioral control statements have on a classroom? What communicative behaviors

are associated with different stages in romantic relationships? What communicative behaviors are used to

respond to co-workers displaying emotional stress? (Allen, Titsworth, Hunt, 2009)

quantitative Research and sports medicine

Quantitative research is used to analyze how sports may be used as an alternative way of medicating

an illness. An example is the research done by University of Eastern Finland which investigated the

relationship between mushrooming of fast food chains and obesity, as well as the intervention needed to

prevent children’s obesity from reaching serious proportions. The research focused on the children’s physical

activity and physical inactivity and the concomitant impact on the children’s amount of adipose tissue (fat

mass) and the endurance fitness. The study is used to analyze certain the effect of physical activity in weight

control.

quantitative Research and medical education

Quantitative research in medical education tends to be predominantly observational research based

on surveys or correlational studies. The designs test interventions like curriculum, teaching-learning process,

or assessment with an experimental group. Either a comparison or controlled group learners may allow

researchers to overcome validity concerns and infer potential cause-effect generalizations. Researchers are

using to cope with the emerging trends in recent times.

quantitative research and behavioral sciences

Relationship Questions in today’s quantitative trend tend to explore how one behavior exhibited by

people is related to other types of behavior. Examples are verbally aggressive behaviors related to physical

aggression – that is, when a person has a level of verbally aggressive behavior, does he or she tend to be

physically aggressive? Are certain supervisor communication skills related to the emotional experiences of

employees?

Questions of difference explore how patterns of behavior or perceptions might differ from one group

or type of a person to another: Do people with disabilities experience emotional labor differently from those

without disabilities? Do women perceive talkativeness (or lack of it) differently form men? Do communication

styles differ from one culture to the next? (Alle, Titsworth, Hunt, 2009).

When quantitative researchers explore questions of differences or questions of relationships, they do

so in an attempt to uncover certain patterns of behavior. If the researcher discovers that a certain

relationship exists in sample that she or he has drawn form the population, she/he is then in a position to

draw generalizations about patterns expected of human behavior.

quantitative research in education

Quasi Experiments are most often used in evaluating social problems. Suppose a researcher has

invented a technique for improving reading comprehension among third graders. She/he selects two third

grade classes in a school district. One of them gets the intervention and the other doesn’t. Students are

measured before and after the intervention to see whether their reading scores improve. This design contains

many of the elements of true experiment, but the participants are not assigned randomly to the treatment

and control groups.

quantitative research and psychology

Mertens (2005) says that the dominant paradigms that guided early psychological research were

positivism and its successor, post positivism. Positivism is based on rationalistic, empiricist philosophy that

originated with Aristotle, Francis Bacon, John Locke, August Comte, and Immanuel Kant. the underlying

assumptions of positivism include the belief that the social world can be studied in the same way as the

natural world, that there is a method for studying the social world that is value-free, and that explanations of

a causal nature can be provided.

quantitative research & science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM)

Medical practitioners, for example, conduct researches to obtain significant information about

diseases trends and risk factors, results of various health interventions, patterns of care and health care cost

and use. The different approaches to research provide complementary insights. Researchers help in

determining the effectiveness and even side effect of drugs and therapies in different populations and various

institutions. It is also necessary in evaluating experiences in clinical practice in order to develop mechanisms

for best practices and to ensure high quality patient care. Researchers in these fields ultimately aim for man’s

longevity.

As for engineers, architects, and other builders, research helps in providing designs which are

creatively beautiful and at the same time give more convenience and efficiency as they utilize modern

technology to adapt to the ever changing society. New materials and procedures may be developed so as to

further strengthen the structural materials than can withstand various calamities and disasters.

knowledge acquisition

One goal of education is

inquiry

a term that is synonymous with the word ‘investigation,’

higher-order thinking strategies

Hots means

research

a scientific, experimental, or inductive manner of thinking.

variabls

“characteristics that has two or more mutually exclusive values or properties

vary

The root word of the word variable is “___” or simply “can change”

variable

specifically refers to characteristics, or attribute of an individual or an organization that can

be measured or observed and that varies among the people or organization being studied

continuous variable

A variable that can take infinite number on the value that can

occur within the population. Its values can be divided into fractions. Examples of this type of variable

include age, height, and temperature.

interval variable, ratio variable

Continuous variables can be further categorized as:

interval varibles

It have values that lie along an evenly dispersed range of numbers.

It is a measurement where the difference between two values does have meaning

ratio variable

It have values that lie along an evenly dispersed range of numbers when

there is absolute zero. It possesses the properties of interval variable and has a clear definition of

zero, indication that there is none of that variable

discrete variables

This is also known as categorical or classificatory variable. This is any

variable that has limited number of distinct values and which cannot be divided into fractions like sex,

blood group, and number of children in family.

nominal variable, ordinal variable

Discrete variable may also categorized into:

nominal variable

It represent categories that cannot be ordered in any particular way.

It is a variable with no quantitative value. It has two or more categories but does not imply

ordering of cases. Common examples of this variable include eye color, business type, religion,

biological sex, political affiliation, basketball fan affiliation, etc.

ordinal variable

It represent categories that can be ordered from greatest to smallest.

This variable has two or more categories which can be ranked.

independent variable

–Those that probably cause, influence, or affect outcomes. They

are invariably called treatment, manipulated, antecedent or predictor variables. This is the cause

variable or the one responsible for the conditions that act on something else to bring about changes.

dependent variable

those that depend on the independent variables; they are the

outcomes or results of the influence of the independent variable. That is why it is also called outcome

variable.

intervening or medling variable

Variables that “stand between” the independent

and dependent variables, and they show the effects of the independent variable on the dependent

variable.

control variable

A special types of independent variables that are measured in the study

because they potentially influence the dependent variable. Researchers use statistical procedures (e.g.

analysis of covariance) to control these variables. They may be demographic or personal variables that

need to be “controlled” so that the true influence of the independent variable on the dependent

variable can be determined.

confounding variable

Variables that are not actually measured or observed in a

study. They exist but their influence cannot be directly detected in a study. Researchers comment on

the influence of confounding variables after the study has been completed, because these variables

may have operated to explain the relationship between the independent variables and dependent

variable, but they were not or could not be easily assessed.