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exorcism
involving incantations and prayers said over the individual’s body by a priest/religious figure.
trephining
a hole was made in the skull to release spirits from the body. This often lead to death.
asylums
the first institutions created for the specific purpose of housing people with psychological disorders.
focus was ostracizing rather than treatment
Philippe Pinel (late 1700s)
French physician argued for more humane treatment of the mentally ill
patients benefited and many were able to be released from the hospital
Dorothea Dix (19th century)
advocated for better treatment of the mentally ill and indigent insane
Instrumental in creating the first American mental asylum - by relentlessly lobbying state legislatures and Congress to set up and fund such institutions.
American asylums
filthy, little treatment, individuals institutionalized often for decades
Treatment of American asylums
submersion into cold baths
electroshock treatment (electroconvulsive therapy)
electroconvulsive therapy
induces seizures to help alleviate severe depression.
Deinstitutionalization
the closing of large asylums, by providing for people to stay in their communities and be treated locally
Involuntary treatment
therapy that is not the individuals choice.
Voluntary treatment
the person chooses to attend therapy to obtain relief from symptoms.
Sources of psychological treatment
community mental health centers, private or community practitioners, school counselors, school psychologists or school social workers, group therapy.
Psychodynamic psychotherapy (Freud)
Talk therapy based on belief that the unconscious and childhood conflicts impact behavior
Play therapy
Psychoanalytical therapy wherein interaction with toys is used instead of talk; used in child therapy
Behavior therapy
Principles of learning applied to change undesirable behaviors
Cognitive therapy
Awareness of cognitive process helps patients eliminate thought patterns that lead to distress
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Work to change cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors
Humanistic therapy
Increase self-awareness and acceptance through focus on conscious thoughts
Free association
patient relaxes and then says whatever comes to mind at the moment.
Dream analysis
therapist interprets the underlying meaning of dreams.
Transference
patient transfers all the positive or negative emotions associated with their other relationships to the psychoanalyst.
Sandplay or sandtray therapy
children can set up a three dimensional world using various figures and objects that correspond to their inner state (Kalff, 1991).
Therapist observes how child interacts with toys in order to understand the roots of the child’s disturbed behavior. Can be used to make a diagnosis.
Nondirective play therapy
children are encouraged to work through problems by playing freely while therapist observes. (uninvolved)
Directive play therapy
therapist provides structure/guidance by suggesting topics, asking questions, and playing with the child. (involved)
Counterconditioning
Client learns a new response to a stimulus that has previously elicited an undesirable behavior. Includes aversive conditioning and exposure therapy.
Aversive conditioning
uses an unpleasant stimulus to stop an undesirable behavior.
Client is repeatedly exposed to something unpleasant, such as a mild electric shock or bad taste while they engage in a specific behavior → client learns to associate the unpleasant stimulus and unwanted behavior.
Exposure therapy
seeks to change the response to a conditioned stimulus.
Client is repeatedly exposed to the object/situation that causes their problem, with the idea that they will eventually get used to it.
Mary Cover Jones
Developed the first type of exposure therapy.
An unconditioned stimulus is presented over and over just after the presentation of the conditioned stimulus.
Jones Study (1924)
treated Peter's fear of a white rabbit by associating a pleasant stimulus (food) with the rabbit.
Repeatedly exposed Peter to a rabbit (CS), while he was eating a snack (in a relaxed state).
Rabbit started in a cage on the other side of the room and over several days was gradually moved closer to Peter while he ate his snack.
After 2 months, Peter was able to pet the rabbit (CR) while eating his snack.
Systematic desensitization (Joseph Wolpe)
type of exposure therapy wherein a calm and pleasant state is gradually associated with increasing levels of anxiety-inducing stimuli.
Virtual reality exposure therapy
uses a stimulation to help conquer fears when it’s too impractical, expensive or embarrassing to recreate anxiety-inducing situations.
Applied behavior analysis
Operant conditioning technique designed to reinforce positive behaviors and punish unwanted behaviors.
rewards and reinforcers used to motivate children to demonstrate desired behaviors
punishment used to discourage undesirable behaviors
Token economy
Individuals are reinforced for desired behaviors with tokens (e.g., a poker chip), that can be exchanged for items or privileges.
Overgeneralizing
taking a small situation and making it huge.
Polarized (black &white) thinking
Seeing things in absolutes, ”I am either perfect, or a failure”. (Common in depression).
Jumping to conclusions
assuming that people are thinking negatively about you or reacting negatively to you, without evidence.
Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET)
one of the first forms of cognitive-behavioral therapy, founded by Albert Ellis.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
works to change cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors. (Aims to change both how people think and how they act).
Helps clients examine how their thoughts affect their behavior.
Non-directive therapy
therapist does not give advice or provide interpretations but helps client identify conflicts and understand feelings.
Active listening
therapist acknowledges, restates, and clarifies what the client expresses.
Unconditional positive regard
therapist does not judge clients and simply accepts them for who they are.
Genuineness, empathy, and acceptance towards clients
Rogers felt that therapists should demonstrate these because it helps the client become more accepting of themselves, which results in personal growth.
Psychotropic medications
medications used to treat psychological disorders.
Antipsychotics
treat positive psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia by blocking dopamine.
Atypical antipsychotics
treat the negative symptoms of schizophrenia such as withdrawal and apathy, by targeting both dopamine and serotonin receptors.
Anti-depressants
alter levels of serotonin and norepinephrine.
depression & anxiety
Anti-anxiety agents
depress central nervous system activation.
Anxiety, OCD, PTSD, panic disorder and social phobia.
Mood stabilizers
treat episodes of mania as well as depression (Bipolar disorder).
Stimulants
improve ability to focus on a task and maintain attention (ADHD).
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
magnetic fields stimulate nerve cells to improve depression symptom.
Confidentiality
the therapist cannot disclose confidential communications to any third party unless mandated or permitted to do so by law.
Psycho-educational groups
groups with a strong educational component.
E.g., group for children whose parents have cancer which teaches them about cancer.
Systems approach
family is viewed as an organized system, and each individual is a contributing member who creates and maintains processes within the system that shape behavior. Each member influences and is influenced by the others.
Structural family therapy
examines and discusses the boundaries and structure of the family. Therapist helps them resolve issues and learn to communicate effectively.
Strategic family therapy
aims to address specific problems within the family that can be dealt with in a short amount of time.
Relapse
individual returns to abusing a substance after a period of improvement.
Substance related behavior therapy
can help motivate the addict to participate in the treatment program and teach strategies for dealing with cravings and how to prevent relapse.
Duration of treatment
At least 3 months is usually needed to achieve a positive outcome (for treatment to actually be effective)
Holistic treatment
addresses multiple needs, not just the drug addiction, due to psychological, physiological, behavioral, and social aspect of abuse.
Group therapy for substance abuse
addicts are more likely to maintain sobriety in a group format due to the rewarding and therapeutic benefits of the group such as support, affiliation, identification, and even confrontation.
Parental involvement
correlated with greater reduction in use by teen substance abusers.
Cultural competence
mental health professionals must understand and address issues of race, culture, and ethnicity and use strategies to effectively address needs of various populations.
Multicultural counseling and therapy
Integrates the impact of cultural and social norms.
Aims to work with clients and define goals consistent with their life experiences and cultural values.
Advocates the use of universal and culture-specific strategies and roles in the healing process.
Treatment barriers
access and availability of mental health services
ethical disparities
perceptions and attitudes
