AP English midterm #1

exigence

the specific occasion-event that prompted the message to be spoken-written

purpose

why the speaker is conveying a message

audience

who is the writer speaking to

context

the circumstances surrounding the situation

writer

who is writing

message

what the author wants the audience to think or know

Ethos

shared beliefs/values

Pathos

emotions

 Logos

logic

classical argument

1. Introduction

2. Narration/Statement of the

3. Background

4. Confirmation

5. Refutation and Concession

6. Conclusion/Summation

Toulmin argument

1. CLAIM

2. DATA

3. WARRANT

Rogerian argument

1. INTRODUCTION

2. SUMMARY OF OPPOSING VIEWS

3. STATEMENT OF UNDERSTANDING

4. STATEMENT OF YOUR POSITION

5. STATEMENT OF CONTEXT

6. STATEMENT OF BENEFITS

Evidence

• facts

• anecdotes

• statistics

• experiments

Claim

the writer’s opinion or stance on an issue (also called main idea/thesis statement)