Respiration and Muscles

Respiration

Involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the air and the blood

Breathing

movement of air into and out of the lungs

cellular respiration

Involves the production of ATP in body cells

The centers of respration

mitochondria

Warms and cleans air entering the body

nasal cavity

Where tonsils and adenoids are located

pharynx

A flap that covers the trachea to prevent food from entering.

epiglottis

The voice box

larynx

Surrounded by capillaries and are the location for gas exchange

alveoli

Concentration gradients

The reason why oxygen diffuses into blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of blood

surfactant

a sticky film of lipoprotein which covers lungs and prevents them from collapsing

Inflammation of the pleural membranes and build up of fluids in chest

pleurisy

pneumothorax

air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall

diaphragm contracts during

inhalation

diaphragm relaxes during

exhalation

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures

Each gas mixture exerts its own pressure or partial pressure

Hemoglobin's purpose

Increases the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

The iron-containing part of hemoglobin

heme

Oxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobin combined with oxygen

carbonic anhydrase

enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid

Hyperventilation

increased rate and depth of breathing

medulla oblongata function

regulating vital function (breathing, digestion, heart rate)

epinephrine

Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. Also known as adrenaline.

carbaminohemoglobin

the compound formed by the union of carbon dioxide with hemoglobin

carbonic acid

a very weak acid formed in solution when carbon dioxide dissolves in water.

intercostal muscles

Muscles which move the rib cage during breathing

tidal lung capacity

The amount of air your lungs hold during normal breathing; the amount of air moved in and out of the body in one breath.

inspiratory reserve volume

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation

vital capacity

the greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath.

total lung capacity

the sum of vital capacity and residual volume

bronchitis

inflammation of the bronchial tubes

asthma

A chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing.

Emphysema

A serious disease that destroys lung tissue and causes breathing difficulties.Occurs mostly in older people.

lung cancer

malignant tumor arising from the lungs and bronchi

cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.

smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body

skeletal muscle

A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones.

antagonistic muscles

muscle pairs arranged to work against each other to move a joint

flexor

a muscle that bends a part of the body, such as an arm or a leg

extensor

The muscle that opens a joint

origin

attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction

insertion

attachment to movable bone

sarcolemma

muscle cell membrane

z lines

The ends of a saromere.

actin filaments

thin filaments

myosin filaments

thick filaments

I band

thin filaments only

A band

dark area; extends length of the thick filaments

Sarcomere

Contractile unit of muscle

sliding filament theory

the concept that a sarcomere shortens as the thick and thin filaments slide past one another

ATP

adenosine triphosphate

Rigor mortis occurs because \________.

no ATP is available to release attached actin and myosin molecules

Muscle fatigue is caused by

exhaustion of energy reserves and buildup of lactic acid levels

Tetanus

a sustained muscular contraction resulting from a rapid series of nerve impulses

slow twitch fibers

muscle fibers that contract at a slow rate and have very good endurance

fast twitch fibers

white muscle fibers that contract rapidly and forcefully but fatigue quickly

Type I fibers during exercise

High aerobic endurance
Efficiently produce ATP from fat, carbohydrate

Type II muscle fibers

Fast twitch, quick to produce maximal strength, fatigues quickly

Type IIx muscle fibers

fast twitch speed, large twitch force, low resistance to fatigue (strongest)

arthroscopic surgery

performing surgery while using an arthroscope to view inside joint