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The Triple Alliance forged by Bismarck consisted of ________.
a. Germany, Austria, and Italy
b. Germany, France, and Britain
c. Italy, Germany, and Spain
d. Austria, Germany, and Poland
A
William II wanted ________.
a. to forge alliances with Russia and France
b. to become more isolated
c. a navy and colonies like Britain's
d. to expand the German Empire by gaining territory
C
At the Congress of Berlin in 1878, ________.
a. Germany claimed a new role on the world stage
b. Russia was permitted to occupy Constantinople
c. Bosnia-Herzegovina became an independent state
d. the Ottoman Empire was dismembered
A
The first power to mobilize against Russia in 1914 was ________.
a. Austria
b. France
c. Germany
d. Serbia
A
Which of the following was one of the demands made by Austria-Hungary to Serbia after the assassination of the Archduke Ferdinand?
a. formation of a military alliance with Austria-Hungary
b. eliminate anti-Austro-Hungarian materials in Serbian schools
c. suppression of Allied propaganda
d. annexation into the Dual Monarchy
B
Which nation had the largest number of soldiers potentially available in World War I?
a. Great Britain
b. the United States
c. Russia
d. Germany
D
According to the Schlieffen Plan of 1905, which of the following was supposed to happen?
a. German troops would move west quickly to defeat France and then move to the eastern front.
b. French troops would move to conquer German troops and then move east to assist the Russians.
c. German troops would move east to defeat France and then move to the Russian front.
d. French troops would move to conquer German troops and then move west to assist the Russians.
A
Colonel T. E. Lawrence played a key role in the war in ________.
a. the Middle East
b. France
c. West Africa
d. Greece
A
The British introduced the use of ________ in World War I.
a. poison gas
b. the tank
c. trench warfare
d. submarine warfare
B
The second Moroccan crisis brought Britain closer to ________.
a. Belgium
b. Russia
c. France
d. Italy
C
Who was Rasputin?
A. the tsar
B. a Russian nobleman who helped the tsar abdicate
C. a faith healer who advised the tsar
D. an aide to V. I. Lenin
C
Leon Trotsky's military forces were opposed by the ________.
a. Red Army
b. Cheka
c. Black Russians
d. White Russians
D
The civil war between the Red Russians and White Russians ended in ________.
A. 1921, when the Red Army finally overcame the domestic opposition
B. March 1918, with the acceptance of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
C. December 1917, when Russia signed an armistice with Germany
D. 1921, when the Red Russians conceded defeat and signed a peace treaty with the White Russians
A
In March 1918, the last German offensive was stopped at ________.
a. Lorraine
b. Normandy
c. the Marne
d. Alsace
C
The battle casualties of World War I on all sides came to about ________.
a. 10 million dead and 15 million wounded
b. 15 million dead and 10 million wounded
c. 10 million dead and 20 million wounded
d. 20 million dead and 15 million wounded
A
Mainly due to the British forces, by October 30, 1918, ________ was out of the war.
a. Palestine
b. Turkey
c. Iraq
d. Iran
B
The peace treaty signed in Paris in 1920 between Turkey and the Allies dismembered ________.
a. the Ottoman Empire
b. the Byzantine Empire
c. the Austro-Hungarian Empire
d. Italy
A
A Greek invasion of the Turkish homeland provoked a nationalist reaction, bringing the young general Mustafa Kemal, or ________, to power.
a. "Prince of Nationalism"
b. "General of Freedom"
c. "Protector of the People"
d. "Father of the Turks"
D
The Big Four were ________.
a. the United States, Britain, France, and Italy
b. the United States, Britain, Germany, and Japan
c. the United States, Russia, France, and Germany
d. the United States, Japan, France, and Italy
A
In the peace talks that ended World War I, Germany ________.
a. was forced to accept terms dictated by the victors
b. negotiated a few minor concessions
c. negotiated several major concessions
d. retained the right to station troops west of the Rhine River
A
World War I ________.
a. did little to eliminate colonialism
b. brought about the rapid elimination of colonialism
c. led the United States to seek new colonies
d. led to a prohibition on the creation of new colonies by European nations
A
At the Versailles peace talks, Germany signed a treaty ________.
a. accepting blame for World War I
c. dividing the country into two separate nations: East Germany and West Germany
c. requiring Germany to weaken itself militarily
d. requiring Germany to join the League of Nations
A
What countries were expected to be barriers to the westward expansion of Russian communism?
A. Turkey, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine
B. Turkey, Iraq, and Yugoslavia
C. Poland, Romania, Yugoslavia, the Baltic states, and Czechoslovakia
D. Poland, Romania, Turkey, and Iraq
C
Most of Poland was carved out of the former ________.
A. Austro-Hungarian Empire
B. Russian Empire
C. Ottoman Empire
D. German Empire
B
Mandates established in the former Ottoman Empire were administered by ________.
A. France and Britain
B. Italy and Britain
C. Russia, France, and Britain
D. the United States, France, and Britain
A
Germany and Austria made a secret treaty in 1879 in which they agreed they would ________.
a. remain neutral in each other's affairs
b. not attack each other
c. provide military assistance to each other if Russia attacked either of them
d. provide military assistance to each other if any country attacked them
C
The formation of the Triple Entente is best seen in light of the ________.
a. alliance between France and Russia
b. German alliance with Russia
c. creation of the Triple Alliance
d. end of the Habsburg Empire
C
Rivalry in the Balkans became an international conflict when ________
a. Germany attempted to annex Bosnia and Herzegovina
b. Slavs in Bosnia and Herzegovina revolted against Turkish rule
c. Serbia and Montenegro assisted the Slavs in the revolt against Turkish rule
d. Russia became involved in the Slav revolt against Turkish rule
D
The Pan-Slavic movement sought to ________.
a. unite all Slavs under the protection of Russia
b. gain independence for Bosnia and Herzegovina
c. gain independence for Serbia and Montenegro
d. unite all Slavs in an independent state
A
Which phrase best characterizes Bismarck's view of Germany's relationship with France during the early 1870s?
A. mutually beneficial
B. appeasing
C. friendly
D. openly antagonistic
B
What motivated Russia and France to form an alliance?
A. Germany had been too successful in isolating both countries diplomatically.
B. Russia wanted to strengthen its political power so it could attack Germany, and France wanted to weaken Germany's influence so it could form alliances with other countries.
C. Russia wanted the troops France could supply, and France wanted the security against Germany Russia could provide.
D. Each country feared the other would form an alliance with Germany.
A
The diplomatic policies of General Leo von Caprivi and William II resulted in ________.
A. Germany becoming an enemy of Britain
B. Germany and Britain drawing closer
C. Germany and France drawing closer
D. Germany becoming isolated from the rest of Europe
A
Germany's real goal in fomenting the first Moroccan crisis was _________.
A. gaining a Mediterranean port
B. testing out new military technology
C. reconciling differences with France
D. testing international relations
D
During the last three decades of the nineteenth century, ________ chose to be isolated, but ________ was intentionally isolated by other European powers.
A. Britain; Russia
B. Germany: France
C. France; Russia
D. Britain; France
D
Which of the following events are in the correct chronological order?
a. Russo-Japanese War, Congress of Berlin, Russo-Turkish War, and First and Second Balkan Wars
b. Congress of Berlin, Russo-Japanese War, Russo-Turkish War, and First and Second Balkan Wars
c. Russo-Turkish War, Russo-Japanese War, Congress of Berlin, and First and Second Balkan Wars
d. Russo-Turkish War, Congress of Berlin, Russo-Japanese War, and First and Second Balkan Wars
D
The Balkan crises threatened what two empires?
a. Austrian and Ottoman
b. Russian and Austrian
c. British and Ottoman
d. French and British
A
Why did the United States enter World War I in 1917?
a. The Germans attacked Cuba.
b. The Germans started sinking U.S. ships again.
c. The Germans bombed Rhode Island.
d. The Germans sank the Lusitania.
B
Following the tsar's abdication, Russia's parliament ________.
A. formed a provisional government with Western sympathies
B. dissolved
C. formed a provisional government with socialist leanings
D. formed a provisional government with German sympathies
A
Initially the Soviets ________.
a. supported the provisional government
b. plotted to overthrow the provisional government
c. allowed the provisional government to function without actually supporting it
d. believed they could persuade the provisional government to accept its demands
C
A main reason for popular discontent with the Russian provisional government in 1917-1918 was ________.
a. Kerensky's decision not to aggressively continue the war
b. the resistance of embittered monarchists to a socialist premier
c. widespread demands for the Bolsheviks to lead the country
d. continuing shortages of food
D
The Mensheviks eventually rejected the Russian provisional government because it ________.
A. failed to formalize a permanent government
B. ordered the army to fire on demonstrators
C. failed to control the army and purge reactionaries from the government
D. banned worker collectives, or councils
C
Bolshevik Russia agreed to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, under which they ________.
a. gained the Baltic States
b. received large amounts of money for reparations
c. agreed to end the civil war
d. yielded Finland, Poland, and Ukraine to Germany
D
The success of the Bolshevik coup of November 6 was surprising, given the group's _________.
A. small size
B. association with the tsarist government
C. criminal status
D. decline in the early 1910s
A
Why did the Bolsheviks oppose World War I?
a. They believed it benefited only capitalism.
b. They considered it an obstacle to their revolutionary ambitions.
c. They considered military aggression antithetical to socialist beliefs.
d. They feared a Germany victory.
A
The Ludendorff offensive is best characterized as a __________.
a. desperate risk
b. reasonable strategy
c. long-established plan
d. necessity
A
The Germans controlled Eastern Europe and its resources, especially food, and by 1918 were free to concentrate their forces on the western front. These developments would probably have been decisive without ________.
a. the Italian allies' support
b. American intervention
c. British invasion in northern France
d. widespread mutinies in the German ranks
B
Which of the following eventually brought about the end of the Ottoman Empire?
a. its neutrality at the outbreak of World
War I
b. its decision to enter the war on the side of Germany in 1914
c. its decision to enter the war on the side of the Allies in 1914
d. its refusal to participate in the peace settlement in Paris
B
The covenant of the League of Nations sought to establish ________.
a. one world government
b. the elimination of barriers to free trade
c. international bans on the production of machine guns, tanks, and submarines
d. a system for resolving international conflicts
D
The exclusion of native colonial leaders of Africa and Asia in the peace settlement discussions strengthened ________.
A. anticolonialism
B. dependence on European powers
C. European colonial powers
D. international relations
A
Which of the following disputes Keynes's criticism of the Treaty of Versailles?
A. Germans recovered prosperity following the peace treaty.
B. The Germans' plans for a European settlement would have been much harsher than the Treaty of Versailles.
C. The Allies were unanimous in determining the terms of the treaty.
D. The Arab world maintained a stable, if shaky, peace.
A
What best characterizes the Serbian reply to Austria-Hungary's demands?
a. conciliatory
b. militaristic
c. jingoistic
d. mobilization
A
The German strategy of fomenting trouble in Russia by returning Lenin from exile can be considered ________.
A. partially successful
B. entirely successful
C. a complete failure
D. a partial failure
B
The March Revolution in Russia, compared to that of November of the same year, was __________.
a. spontaneous
b. bloody
c. wider in scope
d. more influenced by Marxist rhetoric
A
World War I had what impact on colonization?
a. It led directly to decolonization.
b. It completed the process of decolonization.
c. It initiated new attitudes that would eventually bring about decolonization.
d. It confirmed ties between colonies and colonizers.
C
The one real strength of the League of Nations was that __________.
A. it had both persuasive and coercive powers
B. there was a consensus about its principles
C. it included all European nations and the United States
D. it was opposed to colonialism
B
A mixed economy is ________.
a. based on a mixture of light industry, heavy industry, and agriculture
b. one in which economic decisions are made by the government, business, and labor
c. a combination of government-controlled businesses and free enterprises
d. one with no dominant industry
B
In the two decades following the end of World War I, what belief did the governments and societies of Eastern and Western Europe share?
a. Germany posed the biggest threat to world peace.
b. The Treaty of Versailles was unjust.
c. The United States should not have received the biggest reparations from Germany.
d. The Soviet Union posed the greatest threat to Europe's security.
D
How did Marxists view the economic downturn that became known as the Great Depression?
a. They welcomed it because they believed it signaled the imminent downfall of capitalism.
b. They resented it because they believed it would thwart their plans to spread socialism throughout the world.
c. They feared it because they believed it would make the masses reject their labor initiatives.
d. They used it to manipulate public opinion and accelerate the spread of socialism around the world.
A
The discontent and resentment that resulted from the Paris settlements ________.
a. was largely restricted to Germany and France
b. was largely restricted to the successor states of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
c. was largely restricted to national minorities
d. contributed to domestic political turmoil throughout Europe
D
Most of the money the Allies collected in war reparations went to ________.
a. France
b. Great Britain
c. the United States
d. the Soviet Union
C
When was the Irish Free State established?
a. 1916
b. 1919
c. 1921
d. 1929
C
The era of reparations was effectively ended by _________.
a. the Kreditanstalt in Vienna
b. the Young Plan
c. the Lausanne Conference
d. Hoover's moratorium
C
The 1936 Popular Front government of France consisted of an alliance of which of the following political parties?
a. Socialists, Radicals, and Communists
b. Radicals, Communists, and Fascists
c. Liberals, Anarchists, and Communists
d. Socialists, Nazis, and Communists
A
Between 1928 and 1940, Soviet industrial production ________.
a. rose dramatically
b. declined slightly
c. rose gradually
d. remained stagnant
A
Under Lenin's New Economic Policy, ________.
a. peasants did not have to pay taxes
b. the government restricted free trade
c. private economic enterprise was permitted
d. peasants hoarded grain
C
Fascists won a majority in the Italian Chamber of Deputies in ________.
a. 1922
b. 1918
c. 1934
d. 1924
D
The majority of the founding members of the Fasci di Combattimento were ________.
a. war veterans
b. government workers
c. members of the Socialist Party
d. members of the Communist Party
A
The Lateran Accord of 1929 established that ________.
a. the pope was ruler of the independent Vatican City
b. the government would be forgiven its confiscation of papal lands
c. Catholicism was one of multiple recognized religions in Italy
d. the church laws on marriage would be eclipsed by government law
A
The Lateran Accord of 1929 ended approximately ________ years of hostility between the Vatican and the state of Italy.
a. 20
b. 40
c. 50
d. 70
D
In 1924, the ________ reorganized the administration and transfer of reparations, which, in turn, smoothed the debt repayments to the United States.
a. Adams Plan
b. Dawes Plan
c. Monroe Plan
d. Young Plan
B
German unemployment from March 1930 to March 1932 ________.
a. rose slightly
b. rose by 30 percent
c. more than doubled
d. quadrupled
C
By 1933, the Nazi storm troopers had ________.
a. one million members
b. ceased to be an important political force
c. been absorbed by the Gestapo
d. lost favor with most Nazi officials
A
Adolf Hitler became the chancellor of Germany ________.
a. after a brief, but bloody, revolution
b. by legal means
c. after a campaign of selective assassination
d. after a heated lawsuit
B
Support for Hitler was particularly strong among groups such as ________.
a. farmers, war veterans, and the young
b. merchants, politicians, and the elderly
c. the aristocracy, Calvinists, and the military
d. conservatives, the Roman Catholic Church, and the middle class
A
The 1935 Nuremberg laws ________.
a. stripped German Jews of their citizenship
b. established a police state in Germany
c. were modeled after the Soviet New Economic Policy
d. nationalized all banks and factories
A
Which successor state avoided a self-imposed authoritarian government?
a. Czechoslovakia
b. Poland
c. Austria
d. Germany
A
Royal dictatorships were imposed in ________.
a. Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania, and Greece
b. Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Greece
c. Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, and Czechoslovakia
d. Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Austria, and Greece
A
What country was once known as the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes?
a. Czechoslovakia
b. Yugoslavia
c. Poland
d. Hungary
B
Other than the Communist Party, the political parties in Yugoslavia each represented ________.
a. a particular region of the country
b. a particular ethnic group
c. the nation
d. a particular ideology
B
What minority looked to Hitler to resolve their nationalist ambitions?
a. the Germans of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia
b. the Ukrainians in Czechoslovakia
c. the Poles in Czechoslovakia
d. the Ukrainians in Poland
A
Germany's struggle for economic security resulted in the ________.
a. Great Depression
b. establishment of the Nazi dictatorship
c. establishment of the Weimar regime
d. rise of socialism in Germany
B
Which of these describes European attitudes towards the Versailles settlement in the 1920s and 1930s?
a. near-unanimous opposition
b. general satisfaction
c. discontent among the defeated parties
d. widespread optimism
A
Which of these increased the impact of the Great Depression in Europe?
a. the Russian Revolution
b. war reparations
c. the failure of Germany to make reparations
d. close financial ties between the United States and Europe
D
The Wall Street crash of October 1929 was the result of ________.
a. virtually unregulated financial speculation
b. many incidents of insider trading
c. U.S. government corruption in the stock market
d. a technical error in the transmission of stock prices
A
Following the end of World War I, the U.S. economy ________.
a. was restored in a relatively quick fashion
b. was restored, though it took a number of years
c. could not be restored to earlier prosperity
d. remained in fragments for two decades
C
The Popular Front Ministry enacted major social and economic reforms in France despite fierce resistance from ________.
a. business and conservative groups
b. liberal groups
c. Socialists, Radicals, and Communists
d. the public
A
American investment capital that had been pouring into Europe began to decline by 1928 as a result of ________.
a. the Wall Street crash in October 1929
b. money being diverted into the booming New York stock market
c. public outrage in America over France's occupation of the d. Ruhr mining and manufacturing district
a loss of faith in Europe's economy by American investors
B
France's occupation of the Ruhr mining and manufacturing district was ________.
a. unsuccessful because, although France was successful in getting Germany's debt to it paid, the occupation was costly
b. successful because France collected the remainder of the reparation payments Germany owed it and obtained ownership of industries in the Ruhr mining and manufacturing district
c. unsuccessful because Germany refused to negotiate with France while it occupied the mining and manufacturing district
d. unsuccessful because Germany failed to pay the reparation payments in full
A
What was Britain's reaction to the occupation of the Ruhr mining and manufacturing district by French and Belgian troops?
a. It deplored France's heavy-handed tactics.
b. It admired France's show of strength.
c. It respected France's resolve to take matters into its own hands
d. It questioned why France had not obtained approval for the occupation from the League of Nations.
A
While the capitalist economies of Western Europe floundered in the Great Depression, the Soviet Union undertook ________.
a. a large-scale cultural revolution
b. a large step in scientific research and innovation
c. rapid industrialization
d. the "Great Leap Forward"
C
The pretext for the onset of the ________ was the assassination of Sergei Kirov on December 1, 1934.
a. Twenty-One Conditions
b. Great Purges
c. Period of Rapid Industrialization
d. Great Leap Forward
B
Which of these best explains the Great Purges?
a. They were a natural outgrowth of the Bolshevik takeover.
b. They were the kind of revolution foreseen by Marx.
c. They were a reaction to the Versailles settlement.
d. They were largely the product of Stalin's own fears and goals.
D
Why did Stalin reverse the New Economic Policy?
a. It was crafted by his archrival, Lenin.
b. It had failed to increase industrial production.
c. He decided collectivization would allow Russia to produce enough grain for domestic food and foreign export.
d. He wanted to separate his economic plans from those of his predecessor and the stagnant economy associated with him.
C
Which of the following best characterizes Communist Party members who joined following the Great Purges?
a. idealistic
b. dedicated Bolsheviks
c. intellectuals
d. Stalin loyalists
D
The Fascists' seizure of the Italian government can be primarily attributed to the ________.
a. resignation of the cabinet
b. majority controlled by Mussolini in the Chamber of Deputies
c. failure of the king to authorize the army to block the Black Shirt March
d. split between Mussolini and his former political allies before the march on Rome
C
The Fascists used their victory in the Italian Chamber of Deputies to ________.
a. gain popular support for the Fascist Party
b. pass laws that allowed Mussolini to rule by decree
c. abolish the monarchy
d. intimidate the minority party of the parliament
B
Mussolini's brokering of the Lateran Accord resulted in ________.
a. disdain among Italians, the majority of whom opposed a separate state for the Vatican
b. fear among Italians, the majority of whom opposed Catholicism as a national religion
c. anger among Italians, with many feeling that Italy's concessions had been too costly
d. approval among Italians, bringing increased respectability to Mussolini's regime
D
Which of the following contributed to the establishment of authoritarian regimes across Western Europe?
a. the spread of Bolshevism beyond the Soviet Union
b. fractures between different socialist groups
c. growing sympathy for communism in Italy
d. the fear of Bolshevism spreading beyond the Soviet Union
D
The Italian cabinet's resignation en masse in 1922 resulted in ________.
a. the monarch asking Mussolini to become prime minister
b. Mussolini's election to the cabinet
c. the abolition of all political parties other than the Fascists in Italy
d. the creation of a single-party dictatorial state
A
Mussolini's main political goal was ________.
a. implementing fascist ideology
b. survival
c. Bolshevist principles
d. the desire for peace
B
