Virology
The study of viruses and viral diseases.
Virologist
Someone who studies viruses.
Veterinary virology
The study of viruses in animals, birds, and marine species.
zoonosis
Disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans
Virus
Non-living entity that contains a nucleic acid genome surrounded by a protein coat. May have other layers such as a lipid envelope.
Organelles
Viruses do not have cellular ___________ like mitochondria, chloroplasts, golgi, and ER/RER.
parasites
All viruses are obligate intracellular
division
Viruses do not have the capacity to multiply by ________ (such as binary fision or mitosis).
capsid
The protein shell of a virus that encases the viral nucleic acid or genome.
Capsid
Viral structure made up of capsomeres held together by non-covalent bonds.
nucleocapsid
= Capsid + viral nucleic acid
lipid envelope
The potential additional layer that covers a virus capsid.
lipid bilayer
The viral envelope is usually a _______ _______ derived from the host cell.
glycoproteins
Spiked structures on the surface of the lipid envelope.
Naked
__________ viruses have a protein capsid enclosing nucleic acid.
Enveloped
___________ viruses have a lipid layer enclosing the protein capsid enclosing the nucleic acid.
pleomorphism
The ability of some viruses to alter their shape or size.
Attachment
The steps of viral replication:
____________
penetration
uncoating
synthesis of viral nucleic acid and protein
assembly and maturation
release in large numbers
Penetration
The steps of viral replication:
attachment
____________
uncoating
synthesis of viral nucleic acid and protein
assembly and maturation
release in large numbers
uncoating
The steps of viral replication:
attachment
penetration
____________
synthesis of viral nucleic acid and protein
assembly and maturation
release in large numbers
synthesis, nucleic acid, protein
The steps of viral replication:
attachment
penetration
uncoating
______ of viral ________ ______ and ________
assembly and maturation
release in large numbers
assembly and maturation
The steps of viral replication:
attachment
penetration
uncoating
synthesis of viral nucleic acid and protein
__________ ______ _________
release in large numbers
release
The steps of viral replication:
attachment
penetration
uncoating
synthesis of viral nucleic acid and protein
assembly and maturation
__________ in large numbers
Cell death
Virus replication in a host cell can cause ________ _______ by lysis, alteration in the cell membrane, or apoptosis.
no apparent changes
Virus replication in a host cell can cause ______ _________ __________ to an infected cell in the case of a latent or chronic infection.
transformation
Virus replication in a host cell can cause _________ of a cell from a normal to malignant one.
fusion
Virus replication in a host cell can cause _________, producing multinucleated cells.
international committee on taxonomy of viruses
ICTV stands for
genome, genetic
Viruses may be classified based on the nature of their ___________ and ___________ diversity.
replication
Viruses may be classified based on their _______ strategies.
morphology
Viruses may be classified based on their formation (___________).
histopathology
Viruses are typically diagnosed by gross evaluation and
gross evaluation
Viruses are typically diagnosed by histology or
cytopathic effect
Damage or morphological changes to host cells during viral invasion
cultivation
Viruses can be detected by isolation or
electron microscopy
The morphology of a virus can be identified and studied using
Serology
Detection of a viral antigen or host antibody
PCR
Detection of viral nucleic acids via molecular biology
Antiviral drugs
Viruses can be treated with __________ ___________, interferon therapy, or administration of synthesized or natural antibodies.
interferon therapy
Viruses can be treated with antiviral drugs, _________ _________, or administration of synthesized or natural antibodies.
antibodies
Viruses can be treated with antiviral drugs, interferon therapy, or administration of synthesized or natural _____________.
vaccination
Viral diseases can be prevented or controlled by proper hygiene and sanitation, by eliminating arthropod vectors, by quarantining and culling of sick individuals, or
sanitation
Viral diseases can be prevented or controlled by vaccination, by eliminating arthropod vectors, by quarantining and culling of sick individuals, or by proper hygiene and
arthropod vectors
Viral diseases can be prevented or controlled by vaccination, by proper hygiene and sanitation, by quarantining and culling of sick individuals, or by eliminating
quarantining, culling
Viral diseases can be prevented or controlled by vaccination, proper hygiene and sanitation, eliminating arthropod vectors, or by ___________ and _________ of sick individuals.