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DHT
________ (Dihydrotestosterone) is the hormone that produces the development of the genitals, while testosterone is the hormone for sperm development and the penis.
Macrophages
________- same as monocytes but belong in blood vs monocytes that are in the tissues.
Basophils
________- makes the allergic response (coughing, sneezing, etc)
stem cells
________: what they do for the developing embryo and how they are used in science.
Fever
________: abnormally high body temperature which increases metabolic rate which speeds up tissue repair and defense mechanisms.
Monocytes
________- defends against infection by cleaning up damaged cells.
Neutrophil
________- First to fight infection from bacteria and some fungi.
Tetrads
________ are pairs of homologous chromosomes that remain close to one another until they are pulled apart in anaphase 1.
No ________ occurs between meiosis I and meiosis II.
DNA replication
Inflammation
________: occurs when tissue is damaged; creates heat, swelling, and pain.
Morphogenesis
________: process of changing into a fetus.
Type O blood
________ is the universal donor
Type AB blood
_____ is the universal receiver
blood type A…
has antigen A, antibody anti-B, donor can receive A &O
blood type B…
has antigen B, antibody anti-A, donor can receive B &O
blood type AB…
has antigen A&B, no antibodies produced , donor can receive A, B, AB, O
blood type O…
has no antigen, antibodies anti-B & anti-A, donor can receive O
environmental stressors
Role: to provide challenges to ________ such as competitors, virus, and pathogens.
Differentiation
________: process where cells become specialized.
Poly
________ genic inheritance: phenotypes that are influenced by many genes; isnt exact copy of parents genes.
Antibodies
proteins that bind with antigen to neutralize it.
Trace the pathway of sperm through the male reproductive system and the role of the glands that produce semen.
Testes -> epididymis->ductus (vas) deferens-> ejaculatory duct -> prostatic urethra -> penis
Corpus luteum
________ degenerates after 12 days if fertilization doesn't occur.
Nutrients
________ and waste diffuse down concentration gradient between fetus and mother.
Meiosis
how sex cells are created
stages of meiosis
interphase, prophase, pro metaphase, metaphase, telophase, interphase II, prophase II, prometaphase II, metaphase II, telophase II, cytokinesis
Eosinophils
________ eat parasites, or invaders that are too big for other white blood cells.
Mitosis
how nucleus in cell divides to create identical DNA
stages of mitosis
interphase, prophase, pro metaphase, metaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
Are seen in either the male or the female of a species, but not both, in sexually reproducing organisms.
wild extravagances are seen as attractions to the opposite sex
Sweat secretes dermcidin, which is an ___
antimicrobial peptide; effective against harmful bacteria and fungi.
Cleavage
series of cell divisions without cell growth or differentiation during first four days of following fertilization.
Vesicle
________ contains lysosomes, which fuses w /bacteria (digestive system)
First level of immune system defense
physical and chemical barriers
Second level of immune system defense
nonspecific defense
Non-specific defense
doesn’t target specific pathogens; attacks anything foreign to body
third level of immune system defense
specific defense
Specific Defense
B-cells and T-cells; attacks certain pathogens
Phagocytes
white blood cells that destroy foreign cells
B cells
white blood cells from bone marrow and create antibodies
T cells
fighter/killer/destroyer cells
Neutrophil
First to fight infection from bacteria and some fungi
Macrophages
same as monocytes but belong in blood
Eosinophils
Identify & destroy parasites, cancer cells
Monocytes
defends against infection by cleaning up damaged cells
Basophils
makes the allergic response (coughing, sneezing etc.)
Lymphocytes
T Cells, Killer cells and B cells protect the body from viral infections
Levels of pH (on skin) that are hostile for microorganisms
level 5-6 pH
Complement system
plasma proteins that activate only in presence of infection
Inflammation
occurs when tissue is damaged; creates heat, swelling, and pain
Fever
abnormally high body temperature which increases metabolic rate which speeds up tissue repair and defense mechanisms
Lymphatic system
helps maintain blood volume and interstitial fluid volume in the cardiovascular system; also protects body from diseases
lymphatic capillaries
carries lymph (fluid which carries white blood cells, proteins, fats, and sometimes bacteria and virus) to all parts of body
Lymph nodes
remove cellular debris, abnormal cells, and microorganisms
Thymus gland
contains lymphocytes and epithelial cells
Tonsils
lymphatic tissue in throat
Spleen
(1) controls quality of circulating red blood cells by removing bad ones (2) fights infections
Antigen
generally part of bacteria and fungi; large proteins or polysaccharides
Antibodies
proteins that bind w/ antigen to neutralize it
Ultimate goal of reproduction
get sperm to fertilize egg
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
stimulates production of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); is in the hypothalamus
Menstrual cycle
consists of ovarian cycle and uterine cycle
Ovarian cycle
regular pattern of growth, maturation, and release of oocytes (immature eggs)
Uterine cycle
series of structural and functional changes that happen to prepare the body for pregnancy
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
transmitted through sexual contact, gential, oral-genital, or anal-genital
Example of STDs
chlamydia, AIDS, Hepatitis B
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
infections that have not yet developed into diseases, and can include bacteria, viruses, or parasites
Example of STIs
pubic lice, syphilis, gonorrhea, herpes
Cleavage
series of cell divisions without cell growth or differentiation during first four days of following fertilization
Differentiation
process where cells become specialized
Morphogenesis
process of changing into a fetus
Days 1-3 of pregnancy
conception (fertilization of egg, aka zygote) in oviduct
Day 4 of pregnancy
morula (32 identical cells resulted from cleavage)
Days 5-7 of pregnancy
morula turns to blastocyst, implants in uterine wall
Week 2 of pregnancy
blastocyst fills w/ amniotic fluid (for wase and nutrient exchange)
Embryo stage
organs and systems established but not fully functional
Week 3 of pregnancy
brain and spinal cord in the making and so are muscles, bones, and skin (mesoderm)
Week 4 of pregnancy
heart develops, head takes shape, eyes positioned, limb nubs and tail
Weeks 5-8 of pregnancy
general vertebrae of human forming
Week 6 of pregnancy
genitalia begin developing (XX, XY)
Month 3 (first trimester over) of pregnancy
kidenys, limbs, bones/teeth, spleen, liver formed and functioning
Month 4 of pregnancy
liver and bone marrow create red blood cells and face almost in final form
Months 5 of pregnancy
nervous system ans skeletal muscles formed enough for fetus to move
Month 6 (end of second trimester) of pregnancy
lungs surfactant (phospholipids and proteins prevent collapsing) and hear external sounds
Months 7-9 of pregnancy
rapid growth and maturation
Endoderm
Innermost Cell Layer; forms digestive and respiratory tract
Ectoderm
Outer Layer; forms skin, nervous system, and parts of face/neck
Mesoderm
Middle Layer; forms muscle, blood vessel, connective tissues and beginning of bones
Placenta
Massive filter for diffusion for baby
Transcription
the process of creating a coded message of one gene (a segment in DNA that has the code/recipe for protein(s)) that can be carried out of nucleus
Translation
converting the coded message into proteins useful for cell
Replication
the process of copying the cell’s DNA prior to cell division
Somatic cells ( __ chromosomes) are reproductive cells from humans
46
Gamete cells ( __ chromosomes) are reproductive cells from plants or animals
23
Meiosis
4 haploid cells
Similarities between meiosis and mitosis
PPMAT 1st phase has similar way of forming cells
Differences between meiosis and mitosis
mitosis produces 2 daughter cells while meiosis produces 4 daughter cells
Genes
recipes for specific proteins, section of DNA
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid, made of nucleotides composed of one sugar, one phosphate, and one nitrogenous base
alleles
different variations of a gene