Bio: EXAM III STUDY GUIDE

DHT

DHT

________ (Dihydrotestosterone) is the hormone that produces the development of the genitals, while testosterone is the hormone for sperm development and the penis.

Macrophages

________- same as monocytes but belong in blood vs monocytes that are in the tissues.

Basophils

________- makes the allergic response (coughing, sneezing, etc)

stem cells

________: what they do for the developing embryo and how they are used in science.

Fever

________: abnormally high body temperature which increases metabolic rate which speeds up tissue repair and defense mechanisms.

Monocytes

________- defends against infection by cleaning up damaged cells.

Neutrophil

________- First to fight infection from bacteria and some fungi.

Tetrads

________ are pairs of homologous chromosomes that remain close to one another until they are pulled apart in anaphase 1.

No ________ occurs between meiosis I and meiosis II.

DNA replication

Inflammation

________: occurs when tissue is damaged; creates heat, swelling, and pain.

Morphogenesis

________: process of changing into a fetus.

Type O blood

________ is the universal donor

Type AB blood

_____ is the universal receiver

blood type A…

has antigen A, antibody anti-B, donor can receive A &O

blood type B…

has antigen B, antibody anti-A, donor can receive B &O

blood type AB…

has antigen A&B, no antibodies produced , donor can receive A, B, AB, O

blood type O…

has no antigen, antibodies anti-B & anti-A, donor can receive O

environmental stressors

Role: to provide challenges to ________ such as competitors, virus, and pathogens.

Differentiation

________: process where cells become specialized.

Poly

________ genic inheritance: phenotypes that are influenced by many genes; isnt exact copy of parents genes.

Antibodies

proteins that bind with antigen to neutralize it.

Trace the pathway of sperm through the male reproductive system and the role of the glands that produce semen.

Testes -> epididymis->ductus (vas) deferens-> ejaculatory duct -> prostatic urethra -> penis

Corpus luteum

________ degenerates after 12 days if fertilization doesn't occur.

Nutrients

________ and waste diffuse down concentration gradient between fetus and mother.

Meiosis

how sex cells are created

stages of meiosis

interphase, prophase, pro metaphase, metaphase, telophase, interphase II, prophase II, prometaphase II, metaphase II, telophase II, cytokinesis

Eosinophils

________ eat parasites, or invaders that are too big for other white blood cells.

Mitosis

how nucleus in cell divides to create identical DNA

stages of mitosis

interphase, prophase, pro metaphase, metaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

Are seen in either the male or the female of a species, but not both, in sexually reproducing organisms.

wild extravagances are seen as attractions to the opposite sex

Sweat secretes dermcidin, which is an ___

antimicrobial peptide; effective against harmful bacteria and fungi.

Cleavage

series of cell divisions without cell growth or differentiation during first four days of following fertilization.

Vesicle

________ contains lysosomes, which fuses w /bacteria (digestive system)

First level of immune system defense

physical and chemical barriers

Second level of immune system defense

nonspecific defense

Non-specific defense

doesn’t target specific pathogens; attacks anything foreign to body

third level of immune system defense

specific defense

Specific Defense

B-cells and T-cells; attacks certain pathogens

Phagocytes

white blood cells that destroy foreign cells

B cells

white blood cells from bone marrow and create antibodies

T cells

fighter/killer/destroyer cells

Neutrophil

First to fight infection from bacteria and some fungi

Macrophages

same as monocytes but belong in blood

Eosinophils

Identify & destroy parasites, cancer cells

Monocytes

defends against infection by cleaning up damaged cells

Basophils

makes the allergic response (coughing, sneezing etc.)

Lymphocytes

T Cells, Killer cells and B cells protect the body from viral infections

Levels of pH (on skin) that are hostile for microorganisms

level 5-6 pH

Complement system

plasma proteins that activate only in presence of infection

Inflammation

occurs when tissue is damaged; creates heat, swelling, and pain

Fever

abnormally high body temperature which increases metabolic rate which speeds up tissue repair and defense mechanisms

Lymphatic system

helps maintain blood volume and interstitial fluid volume in the cardiovascular system; also protects body from diseases

lymphatic capillaries

carries lymph (fluid which carries white blood cells, proteins, fats, and sometimes bacteria and virus) to all parts of body

Lymph nodes

remove cellular debris, abnormal cells, and microorganisms

Thymus gland

contains lymphocytes and epithelial cells

Tonsils

lymphatic tissue in throat

Spleen

(1) controls quality of circulating red blood cells by removing bad ones (2) fights infections

Antigen

generally part of bacteria and fungi; large proteins or polysaccharides

Antibodies

proteins that bind w/ antigen to neutralize it

Ultimate goal of reproduction

get sperm to fertilize egg

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

stimulates production of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); is in the hypothalamus

Menstrual cycle

consists of ovarian cycle and uterine cycle

Ovarian cycle

regular pattern of growth, maturation, and release of oocytes (immature eggs)

Uterine cycle

series of structural and functional changes that happen to prepare the body for pregnancy

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)

transmitted through sexual contact, gential, oral-genital, or anal-genital

Example of STDs

chlamydia, AIDS, Hepatitis B

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

infections that have not yet developed into diseases, and can include bacteria, viruses, or parasites

Example of STIs

pubic lice, syphilis, gonorrhea, herpes

Cleavage

series of cell divisions without cell growth or differentiation during first four days of following fertilization

Differentiation

process where cells become specialized

Morphogenesis

process of changing into a fetus

Days 1-3 of pregnancy

conception (fertilization of egg, aka zygote) in oviduct

Day 4 of pregnancy

morula (32 identical cells resulted from cleavage)

Days 5-7 of pregnancy

morula turns to blastocyst, implants in uterine wall

Week 2 of pregnancy

blastocyst fills w/ amniotic fluid (for wase and nutrient exchange)

Embryo stage

organs and systems established but not fully functional

Week 3 of pregnancy

brain and spinal cord in the making and so are muscles, bones, and skin (mesoderm)

Week 4 of pregnancy

heart develops, head takes shape, eyes positioned, limb nubs and tail

Weeks 5-8 of pregnancy

general vertebrae of human forming

Week 6 of pregnancy

genitalia begin developing (XX, XY)

Month 3 (first trimester over) of pregnancy

kidenys, limbs, bones/teeth, spleen, liver formed and functioning

Month 4 of pregnancy

liver and bone marrow create red blood cells and face almost in final form

Months 5 of pregnancy

nervous system ans skeletal muscles formed enough for fetus to move

Month 6 (end of second trimester) of pregnancy

lungs surfactant (phospholipids and proteins prevent collapsing) and hear external sounds

Months 7-9 of pregnancy

rapid growth and maturation

Endoderm

Innermost Cell Layer; forms digestive and respiratory tract

Ectoderm

Outer Layer; forms skin, nervous system, and parts of face/neck

Mesoderm

Middle Layer; forms muscle, blood vessel, connective tissues and beginning of bones

Placenta

Massive filter for diffusion for baby

Transcription

the process of creating a coded message of one gene (a segment in DNA that has the code/recipe for protein(s)) that can be carried out of nucleus

Translation

converting the coded message into proteins useful for cell

Replication

the process of copying the cell’s DNA prior to cell division

Somatic cells ( __ chromosomes) are reproductive cells from humans

46

Gamete cells ( __ chromosomes) are reproductive cells from plants or animals

23

Meiosis

4 haploid cells

Similarities between meiosis and mitosis

PPMAT 1st phase has similar way of forming cells

Differences between meiosis and mitosis

mitosis produces 2 daughter cells while meiosis produces 4 daughter cells

Genes

recipes for specific proteins, section of DNA

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid,  made of nucleotides composed of one sugar, one phosphate, and one nitrogenous base

alleles

different variations of a gene