Spain and Portugal were intense rivals in the colonization of ____. The tension forces The Pope to step in.
South America
Treaty of Tordesillas
1494
Early permanent colonies
Pedro Menéndez de Avilés in St. Augustine (Florida)
Jamestown
Quebec
Santa Fe
1st permanent European settlement
1565
Jamestown (present day Virginia)
1607
Quebec (Canada)
1608
Santa Fe (New Mexico)
1610
Reasons for European to travel
Booming population
Religious tension
Economic opportunity
Changes in farming
Primogeniture
Primogeniture
the right of succession belonging to the firstborn child, especially the feudal rule by which the whole real estate of an intestate passed to the eldest son
Southern, Plantation, Chesapeake colonies
Maryland (Many)
Virginia (Very)
Carolina (Cool)
Georgia (Grapes)
Two main reasons for Jamestown:
to find something profitable (gold)
find the Northwest Passage
The colonists at Jamestown were religious, but…
religion was not a reason for settlement
The Virginia Company was granted a charter from the king
permission
guarantees the right of all Englishmen
Jamestown
was settled about 40 miles inland
safer
easier to defend
however, swampy
Most of the colonists were single men who were not prepared for the hardships ahead-
starvation
attack
disease
poor water supply
After six months in Jamestown,
only 38 of 105 survive (36%)
John Smith arrives in 1608; brings
organize (Only)
sanitation (Snakes)
hygiene (Hate)
discipline (Doughnuts)
John Smith provides
relations with the local Native Americans
maps out the Chesapeake Region
“Those that do not work, do not eat.”
Quote by John Smith to lead Jamestown
Under Smith, Jamestown looks like it is on the right course and relations with the local Native Americans are mostly positive BUT….
Smith is injured in an explosion and returns to England. Jamestown settles back in to its old habits
“Starving Time” (1609-10)
harsh winters
relations with the Native Americans deteriorates
only 60 of 400 left
Spring of 1610, colonists begin to leave
meet up with new governor just arriving
Lord De La Warr
very harsh
war on Native Americans
Powhatan Wars 1 and 2
Powhatan War 1
1614
Powhatan War 2
1644
Native Americans:
Powhatans
shaky relationship with settlers
never united or organized
3 D’s:
disease
disorganization
disposability
John Rolfe (1612)
develops a popular type of tobacco
becomes major cash crop
Effects of tobacco as a cash crop:
plantation society (need much land, fewer towns, and schools; need large labor)
depletion of the soil
no economic diversity
need for indentured servants
“Headright System”
anyone who buys a share of the company or pays for a passage receives 50 acres
1st example of representative government
Virginia House of Burgesses
Into the 1620s (1624) the Jamestown region continues to struggle so
King James 1 revokes the charter (Royal Colony)
1st permanent England colony in North America
Jamestown
1st “propriety” colony
Maryland (1632)
Lord Baltimore arrives in 1634
becomes leader of Catholic Colony
Maryland was a very polarize (dividing) colony:
Catholics- rich estates but minority
Protestants- poor majority
Baltimore was afraid
Catholics would be persecuted
Act of Religious Toleration (1649)
In Maryland, only Christians have freedom of worship; harsh laws for Jews and Muslims
1st Law in America granting religious freedom
Act of Religious Toleration
West Indies cash crop:
sugar cane
Sugar cane
needed much more land and larger workforce than tobacco
greater % of slaves than present day U.S.
Ratio of black slaves to white settlers for sugar cane
4:1
Barbados Code
no legal rights for slaves (trial by jury)
unclear on necessary shelter, food
Owners had complete control of their slaves, even right to live
-horrible conditions in the West Indies for slaves
1st “restoration” colony
The Carolinas
Examples of resistance to slavery
they mixed Christianity with African and Western traditions and drew their own conclusion from scripture
at their prayer meetings, slaves also patched African remnants onto conventional Christian
ritual Christian slaves also often used outwardly religious songs as encoded messages about escape or rebellion
Oliver Cromwell
beheaded Charles 1 and ruled in 1649
Charles 2
1660 “restores” the monarchy, Oliver Cromwell out of power
North Carolina
poor, small farms, tobacco, outcasts from Virginia
lumber and pitch (tar)
looked down on by Virginia and the south
South Carolina
large plantations
rice is the cash crop
largest slave population
Charlestion
How did the Columbian Exchange impact the New World and Europe?
population growth in Europe by bringing new crops from the Americas
started Europe’s economic shift toward capitalism
resulted in the mixing of people, and deadly diseases that devastated the Native American population, animals, goods, and trade flows
What was the encomienda system?
a labor system established by the Spanish Crown in 1503. This new system rewarded Spanish explorers, conquistadors, and military men with land in the New World. But they didn’t just get the land, they got the labor of the people living in the land as well
How did the introduction of horses influence the Native American groups?
Horses revolutionized Native life and become an integral part of tribal cultures, honored in objects, stories, songs, and ceremonies. Horses changed methods of hunting and warfare, modes of travel, lifestyle, and standards of wealth and prestige
What did the Inca, Aztecs, and Mayans have in common
they all practiced farming, developed social structures, raised armies, and worshipped many gods (polythestic). All led by divine rulers; all built pyramids.
What was three sister farming?
the Iroquois and Cherokee called corn, bean, and squash “the three sister” because they nurture each other like family when planted together
The Iroquois
in the northeastern woodlands, inspired by a legendary leader named Hiawatha, in the 16th century. The Iroquois Confederacy developed the political and organization skills to sustain a robust military alliance. The “IC” bound together five Indians nations; it was founded in the late 1500s by two leaders, Deganawidah and Hiawatha.
Why did England have little interest in colonization before the 1600s?
they were not that interested to compete with the Spanish i established colonies. Religious conflicts such as the Protestant Reformation also kept the English busy for many years.
The English Defeat of the Spanish Armada played an important road in English colonization of North America
Mayflower Compact
a simple agreement to form a crude government and to submit to the will of the majority under the regulations agreed upon
signed by 41 adult men
not all were pilgrims
will of the majority
foundation for self-government
democratic process
2nd example of representative democracy
Massachusetts Bay Colony
persecution of Puritans in Europe grow
only freemen (adult males who belonged to the Puritan church) could vote
about 40% (more than England)
leader John Winthrop distributed commoners
Governor and Assembly were elected bu only by Puritans
Great Migration (1630s)
about seventy thousand refugees left England. But not all of them were Puritans, and only about twenty thousand come to Massachusetts
“City Upon a Hill”
leaders at MBC wanted it to be a model for Christian Charity
utopia society
shame England to the Puritans’ way (protestant work ethic)
Anne Hutchinson
an exceptionally intelligent, strong-willed, and talkative woman, ultimately the mother of fourteen children
angered her pastor: John Cotton
claimed God spoke to her
leadership was unsaved
antinomianism
Anne goes on trial and is banished from MBC
goes to Rhode Island, then New York
Roger Williams
a model Puritan, very popular, was critical of MBC
church and government should be separate
compensate the Native Americans for lost land
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
a modern constitution and 3rd example of representative democracy established democracy
by qualified voters
any adult, white male property owner can vote (not just church members)
King Philip’s War: 1675
Metacon (Philip) unites several tribes
attacks settlers and towns
Native Americans will never threaten New England again
New England Confederation
1st example of Colonial unity in New England
only Puritan colonies (MBC, Plymouth, CT)
defense vs. Native Americans, Dutch and French
each colony gets two votes
Dominion of New England
Massachusetts suffered further humiliation in 1686 when the royal authority created this
New England, NY, and NJ
defense
more control over the colonies (trade)- Sir Edmund Andros
William Penn
a wellborn and athletic young Englishman was attracted to the Quaker faith in 1660, when sixteen-years-old
runs a model colony
good relations with Native Americans (land rights)
oversee land sales (advertised)
Govt. with strong exec./rep.
The extent of religious freedom in the colonies
Though leaving England for religious freedom, they kept access limited
Maryland only let Christians have freedom of worship (Act of religious Tolerance)
Puritans were able to be a model for Christian Charity in MBC
In Pennsylvania there was no tax supported or established church but Catholics or Jews cannot hold office or vote
The major effect of the plantation system on the southern colonies
combination of geographic, economic, and social factors enabled slavery to take root in southern society
Main reasons for the New England settlements
booming population
religious tension
economic opportunity
changes in farming
primogeniture
Founding of the New England settlements affect the local Native Americans
diseases killed most of the population
European colonists could easily take over the lands
birth rates decreased
Characteristics of Pennsylvania make it different from other colonies
William Penn wanted to use Quaker principles: (Inner Light)
no oaths
no class distinction
equality (women)pay taxes?
pacifists
hats
no slavery
Royal Colonists differ from proprietary colonies
RC were ruled directly by the English monarchy; Carolinas, Virginia, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New Hampshire, New York, Georgia
PC an individual or small elite group essentially owned the colony, controlled all action of government but reported to the king; Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania
The Paxton Boys and the Regulator Movement. Reasons for each and the outcomes
PB wanted protection from Indians and RM believed that tax money was being unevenly distributed. Many of the one’s involved eventually joined the embattled American revolutions
Bacon’s Rebellion and major results
In 1676, about a thousand Virginians revolted against the Virginia Government. Though it fell a part due to Bacon’s sudden death of disease, the attach scared planters and they fled to Africa
Zenger trial and impact (1734-1735)
a newspaper printer published criticism of government officals and was trialed bu jury. His lawyer, Andrew Hamilton, countered that exposing and opposing arbitrary power was at stake and the jury returned Zenger a verdict of not guilty. The Zenger decision was a banner achievement for freedom of the press and for the health of democracy
Major results of the Great Awakening
influenced questioning authority
separation of church and state
connected common people
Restoration Period
1650s
Puritans are not tolerant of other beliefs
freedom of religion for Puritans only
Plymouth
1620
Albany Plan
needing for coordinating colonial defense, Albany Plan of Union was made in Albany, NY, 1754.
Developed by Benjamin Franklin, it provided an intercolonial government and a system for recruiting troops and collecting taxes for the common defense
BUT each colony was too jealous of its own taxation powers to accept the plan and it never took off
Different views of the Colonies and Britain after the war
proud of their record in all four wars and developed confidence that they could successfully provide for their own defense
not impressed with British troops or their leadership, their methods of warfare seemed badly suited to the densely wooded terrain of eastern America
Pontiac’s Rebellion
first major test of the new British imperial policy
Chief Pontiac led a major attack against colonial settlements on the western frontier
American Indians were angered by the growing movement of European settlers on their land and the British refusal to offer gifts as the French had done
Proclamation of 1763
proclamation that prohibited colonists from setting west of the Appalachian Mountains; an effort to stabilize the western frontier
colonists reacted with anger and defiance, saying they should have access after having victory in the Seven Years’ War
thousands of colonists steamed westward beyond the boundary line, defying the prohibition
Stamp Act and response
first direct tax; paid by the people in the colonies instead of merchants
effort to raise funds to support British military forces in the colonies
enacted by Parliament in 1765; required that revenue stamps be placed on printed paper
people in every colony reacted with indignation (anger or revoked by what seems as unfair treatment)
Patrick Henry, “No taxation without representation”
Declaratory Act
act asserted in 1766 that Parliament had the right to tax and make laws for the colonies “in all cases whatsoever”
soon lead to renewed conflict between the colonists and the British government
Townshend Acts
law in 1767 requiring revenues from imports of tea, glass, and paper be used to pay crown officials in the colonies, making them independent of the colonial assemblies that had previously paid their salaries
-also provided for the search of private homes for smuggled goods
John Dickson argued that because duties were a form of taxation, they were not given consent of their representation
James Otis and Samuel Adams helped urge various colonies to petition Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts
Intolerable Acts
a series of punitive acts along with a separate act dealing with French Canada (Coercive and Quebec)
Coercive Acts
four acts punishing the people of Boston and Massachusetts
Port Act: closed the port of Boston, prohibiting trade
Massachusetts Gov. Act: reduced the power of the Massachusetts legislature; increasing power of royal gov.
Admission of Justice Act: allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in Great Britain instead of in the colonies
Quartering Act: enabled British troops to be quartered in private homes
Quebec Act
law organizing the Canadian lands gained from France
established Roman Catholic as the official religion of Quebec
set up a government without a representative assembly
extended Quebec’s boundary to the Ohio River
a direct attack on the American colonies
colonists feared the British would attempt to enact similar laws that would take away their representative government
Thomas Paine
a recent English immigrant to the colonies
wrote the essay “Common Sense”
argued about the colonies becoming independent states and breaking all political ties with British monarchy
mentioned it was unreasonable for a large continent to be ruled by a small and distant island and people to pledge allegiance to a king whose government was corrupt
Loyalists
those who maintained their allegiance to the king, also called Tories
60,000 American Tories
fought next to British soldiers
total of 520,000-780,000 American Tories (20-30% of population)
majority was in NY, NJ, and Georgia
toward the end of the war, about 80,000 Loyalists emigrated from the states to settle in Canada or Britain
Articles of Confederation
adopted by Congress in 1777 and submitted to the states for ratification
ratification was delayed by a dispute over the vast American Indian lands
established a central government that consisted of just one body, congress
gave the congress the power to wage war, make treaties, send diplomatic representatives and borrow money
Accomplishments of AoC
winning the war
Land Ordinance of 1785 (provided for setting aside one section of land in each township for public education)
Northwest Ordinance of 1787 (granted limited self-gov. to the developing territory and prohibited slavery in the region)
Problems with AoC
Financial (most debts were unpaid)
Foreign (European nations had little respect)
Domestic (Shay’s Rebellion)
Virginia Plan vs New Jersey Plan
VP: favored large states
NJ: favored small states
Roger Sherman proposed the Connecticut Plan (Great Compromise)
Senate- states would have equal representation
House of Representation- each state would be represented according to the size of its population
Federalists
supporters of the Constitution and its strong federal government (commonly along Atlantic Coast and large cities)
Anti-Federalists
opponents of the Constitution (small farmers and settlers on the western frontier)
1st Amendment freedoms
R- religion
A- assembly
P- press
P- petition
S- speech