APUSH

Spain and Portugal were intense rivals in the colonization of \____. The tension forces The Pope to step in.

South America

Treaty of Tordesillas

1494

Early permanent colonies

* Pedro Menéndez de Avilés in St. Augustine (Florida)
* Jamestown
* Quebec
* Santa Fe

1st permanent European settlement

1565

Jamestown (present day Virginia)

1607

Quebec (Canada)

1608

Santa Fe (New Mexico)

1610

Reasons for European to travel

* Booming population
* Religious tension
* Economic opportunity
* Changes in farming
* Primogeniture

Primogeniture

the right of succession belonging to the firstborn child, especially the feudal rule by which the whole real estate of an intestate passed to the eldest son

Southern, Plantation, Chesapeake colonies

* Maryland (Many)
* Virginia (Very)
* Carolina (Cool)
* Georgia (Grapes)

Two main reasons for Jamestown:

* to find something profitable (gold)
* find the Northwest Passage

The colonists at Jamestown were religious, but…

religion was not a reason for settlement

The Virginia Company was granted a charter from the king

* permission
* guarantees the right of all Englishmen

Jamestown

* was settled about 40 miles inland
* safer
* easier to defend
* however, swampy

Most of the colonists were single men who were not prepared for the hardships ahead-

* starvation
* attack
* disease
* poor water supply

After six months in Jamestown,

only 38 of 105 survive (36%)

John Smith arrives in 1608; brings

* organize (Only)
* sanitation (Snakes)
* hygiene (Hate)
* discipline (Doughnuts)

John Smith provides

* relations with the local Native Americans
* maps out the Chesapeake Region

“Those that do not work, do not eat.”

Quote by John Smith to lead Jamestown

Under Smith, Jamestown looks like it is on the right course and relations with the local Native Americans are mostly positive BUT….

Smith is injured in an explosion and returns to England. Jamestown settles back in to its old habits

“Starving Time” (1609-10)

* harsh winters
* relations with the Native Americans deteriorates
* only 60 of 400 left

Spring of 1610, colonists begin to leave

meet up with new governor just arriving

Lord De La Warr

* very harsh
* war on Native Americans
* Powhatan Wars 1 and 2

Powhatan War 1

1614

Powhatan War 2

1644

Native Americans:

* Powhatans
* shaky relationship with settlers
* never united or organized

3 D’s:

* disease
* disorganization
* disposability

John Rolfe (1612)

* develops a popular type of tobacco
* becomes major cash crop

Effects of tobacco as a cash crop:

* plantation society (need much land, fewer towns, and schools; need large labor)
* depletion of the soil
* no economic diversity
* need for indentured servants

“Headright System”

anyone who buys a share of the company or pays for a passage receives 50 acres

1st example of representative government

Virginia House of Burgesses

Into the 1620s (1624) the Jamestown region continues to struggle so

King James 1 revokes the charter (Royal Colony)

1st permanent England colony in North America

Jamestown

1st “propriety” colony

Maryland (1632)

Lord Baltimore arrives in 1634

becomes leader of Catholic Colony

Maryland was a very polarize (dividing) colony:

Catholics- rich estates but minority

Protestants- poor majority

Baltimore was afraid

Catholics would be persecuted

Act of Religious Toleration (1649)

In Maryland, only Christians have freedom of worship; harsh laws for Jews and Muslims

1st Law in America granting religious freedom

Act of Religious Toleration

West Indies cash crop:

sugar cane

Sugar cane

* needed much more land and larger workforce than tobacco
* greater % of slaves than present day U.S.

Ratio of black slaves to white settlers for sugar cane

4:1

Barbados Code

* no legal rights for slaves (trial by jury)
* unclear on necessary shelter, food

Owners had complete control of their slaves, even right to live

-horrible conditions in the West Indies for slaves

1st “restoration” colony

The Carolinas

Examples of resistance to slavery

they mixed Christianity with African and Western traditions and drew their own conclusion from scripture

at their prayer meetings, slaves also patched African remnants onto conventional Christian

ritual Christian slaves also often used outwardly religious songs as encoded messages about escape or rebellion

Oliver Cromwell

beheaded Charles 1 and ruled in 1649

Charles 2

1660 “restores” the monarchy, Oliver Cromwell out of power

North Carolina

* poor, small farms, tobacco, outcasts from Virginia
* lumber and pitch (tar)
* looked down on by Virginia and the south

South Carolina

* large plantations
* rice is the cash crop
* largest slave population
* Charlestion

How did the Columbian Exchange impact the New World and Europe?

* population growth in Europe by bringing new crops from the Americas
* started Europe’s economic shift toward capitalism
* resulted in the mixing of people, and deadly diseases that devastated the Native American population, animals, goods, and trade flows

What was the encomienda system?

a labor system established by the Spanish Crown in 1503. This new system rewarded Spanish explorers, conquistadors, and military men with land in the New World. But they didn’t just get the land, they got the labor of the people living in the land as well

How did the introduction of horses influence the Native American groups?

Horses revolutionized Native life and become an integral part of tribal cultures, honored in objects, stories, songs, and ceremonies. Horses changed methods of hunting and warfare, modes of travel, lifestyle, and standards of wealth and prestige

What did the Inca, Aztecs, and Mayans have in common

they all practiced farming, developed social structures, raised armies, and worshipped many gods (polythestic). All led by divine rulers; all built pyramids.

What was three sister farming?

the Iroquois and Cherokee called corn, bean, and squash “the three sister” because they nurture each other like family when planted together

The Iroquois

in the northeastern woodlands, inspired by a legendary leader named Hiawatha, in the 16th century. The Iroquois Confederacy developed the political and organization skills to sustain a robust military alliance. The “IC” bound together five Indians nations; it was founded in the late 1500s by two leaders, Deganawidah and Hiawatha.

Why did England have little interest in colonization before the 1600s?

they were not that interested to compete with the Spanish i established colonies. Religious conflicts such as the Protestant Reformation also kept the English busy for many years.

\
The English Defeat of the Spanish Armada played an important road in English colonization of North America

Mayflower Compact

a simple agreement to form a crude government and to submit to the will of the majority under the regulations agreed upon

* signed by 41 adult men
* not all were pilgrims
* will of the majority
* foundation for self-government
* democratic process
* 2nd example of representative democracy

Massachusetts Bay Colony

persecution of Puritans in Europe grow

* only freemen (adult males who belonged to the Puritan church) could vote
* about 40% (more than England)
* leader John Winthrop distributed commoners
* Governor and Assembly were elected bu only by Puritans

Great Migration (1630s)

about seventy thousand refugees left England. But not all of them were Puritans, and only about twenty thousand come to Massachusetts

“City Upon a Hill”

leaders at MBC wanted it to be a model for Christian Charity

* utopia society
* shame England to the Puritans’ way (protestant work ethic)

Anne Hutchinson

an exceptionally intelligent, strong-willed, and talkative woman, ultimately the mother of fourteen children

* angered her pastor: John Cotton
* claimed God spoke to her
* leadership was unsaved
* antinomianism

Anne goes on trial and is banished from MBC

* goes to Rhode Island, then New York

Roger Williams

a model Puritan, very popular, was critical of MBC

* church and government should be separate
* compensate the Native Americans for lost land

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

a modern constitution and 3rd example of representative democracy established democracy

* by qualified voters
* any adult, white male property owner can vote (not just church members)

King Philip’s War: 1675

* Metacon (Philip) unites several tribes
* attacks settlers and towns
* Native Americans will never threaten New England again

New England Confederation

1st example of Colonial unity in New England

* only Puritan colonies (MBC, Plymouth, CT)
* defense vs. Native Americans, Dutch and French
* each colony gets two votes

Dominion of New England

Massachusetts suffered further humiliation in 1686 when the royal authority created this

* New England, NY, and NJ
* defense
* more control over the colonies (trade)- Sir Edmund Andros

William Penn

a wellborn and athletic young Englishman was attracted to the Quaker faith in 1660, when sixteen-years-old

* runs a model colony
* good relations with Native Americans (land rights)
* oversee land sales (advertised)
* Govt. with strong exec./rep.

The extent of religious freedom in the colonies

* Though leaving England for religious freedom, they kept access limited
* Maryland only let Christians have freedom of worship (Act of religious Tolerance)
* Puritans were able to be a model for Christian Charity in MBC
* In Pennsylvania there was no tax supported or established church but Catholics or Jews cannot hold office or vote

The major effect of the plantation system on the southern colonies

combination of geographic, economic, and social factors enabled slavery to take root in southern society

Main reasons for the New England settlements

* booming population
* religious tension
* economic opportunity
* changes in farming
* primogeniture

Founding of the New England settlements affect the local Native Americans

* diseases killed most of the population
* European colonists could easily take over the lands
* birth rates decreased

Characteristics of Pennsylvania make it different from other colonies

William Penn wanted to use Quaker principles: (Inner Light)

* no oaths
* no class distinction
* equality (women)pay taxes?
* pacifists
* hats
* no slavery

Royal Colonists differ from proprietary colonies

RC were ruled directly by the English monarchy; Carolinas, Virginia, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New Hampshire, New York, Georgia

PC an individual or small elite group essentially owned the colony, controlled all action of government but reported to the king; Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania

The Paxton Boys and the Regulator Movement. Reasons for each and the outcomes

PB wanted protection from Indians and RM believed that tax money was being unevenly distributed. Many of the one’s involved eventually joined the embattled American revolutions

Bacon’s Rebellion and major results

In 1676, about a thousand Virginians revolted against the Virginia Government. Though it fell a part due to Bacon’s sudden death of disease, the attach scared planters and they fled to Africa

Zenger trial and impact (1734-1735)

a newspaper printer published criticism of government officals and was trialed bu jury. His lawyer, Andrew Hamilton, countered that exposing and opposing arbitrary power was at stake and the jury returned Zenger a verdict of not guilty. The Zenger decision was a banner achievement for freedom of the press and for the health of democracy

Major results of the Great Awakening

* influenced questioning authority
* separation of church and state
* connected common people

Restoration Period

1650s

Puritans are not tolerant of other beliefs

freedom of religion for Puritans only

Plymouth

1620

Albany Plan

needing for coordinating colonial defense, Albany Plan of Union was made in Albany, NY, 1754.

* Developed by Benjamin Franklin, it provided an intercolonial government and a system for recruiting troops and collecting taxes for the common defense
* BUT each colony was too jealous of its own taxation powers to accept the plan and it never took off

Different views of the Colonies and Britain after the war

* proud of their record in all four wars and developed confidence that they could successfully provide for their own defense
* not impressed with British troops or their leadership, their methods of warfare seemed badly suited to the densely wooded terrain of eastern America

Pontiac’s Rebellion

first major test of the new British imperial policy

* Chief Pontiac led a major attack against colonial settlements on the western frontier
* American Indians were angered by the growing movement of European settlers on their land and the British refusal to offer gifts as the French had done

Proclamation of 1763

proclamation that prohibited colonists from setting west of the Appalachian Mountains; an effort to stabilize the western frontier

* colonists reacted with anger and defiance, saying they should have access after having victory in the Seven Years’ War
* thousands of colonists steamed westward beyond the boundary line, defying the prohibition

Stamp Act and response

first direct tax; paid by the people in the colonies instead of merchants

* effort to raise funds to support British military forces in the colonies
* enacted by Parliament in 1765; required that revenue stamps be placed on printed paper
* people in every colony reacted with indignation (anger or revoked by what seems as unfair treatment)
* Patrick Henry, “No taxation without representation”

Declaratory Act

act asserted in 1766 that Parliament had the right to tax and make laws for the colonies “in all cases whatsoever”

* soon lead to renewed conflict between the colonists and the British government

Townshend Acts

law in 1767 requiring revenues from imports of tea, glass, and paper be used to pay crown officials in the colonies, making them independent of the colonial assemblies that had previously paid their salaries

\-also provided for the search of private homes for smuggled goods

* John Dickson argued that because duties were a form of taxation, they were not given consent of their representation
* James Otis and Samuel Adams helped urge various colonies to petition Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts

Intolerable Acts

a series of punitive acts along with a separate act dealing with French Canada (Coercive and Quebec)

Coercive Acts

four acts punishing the people of Boston and Massachusetts

* Port Act: closed the port of Boston, prohibiting trade
* Massachusetts Gov. Act: reduced the power of the Massachusetts legislature; increasing power of royal gov.
* Admission of Justice Act: allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in Great Britain instead of in the colonies
* Quartering Act: enabled British troops to be quartered in private homes

Quebec Act

law organizing the Canadian lands gained from France

* established Roman Catholic as the official religion of Quebec
* set up a government without a representative assembly
* extended Quebec’s boundary to the Ohio River
* a direct attack on the American colonies
* colonists feared the British would attempt to enact similar laws that would take away their representative government

Thomas Paine

a recent English immigrant to the colonies

* wrote the essay “Common Sense”
* argued about the colonies becoming independent states and breaking all political ties with British monarchy
* mentioned it was unreasonable for a large continent to be ruled by a small and distant island and people to pledge allegiance to a king whose government was corrupt

Loyalists

those who maintained their allegiance to the king, also called Tories

* 60,000 American Tories


* fought next to British soldiers
* total of 520,000-780,000 American Tories (20-30% of population)
* majority was in NY, NJ, and Georgia
* toward the end of the war, about 80,000 Loyalists emigrated from the states to settle in Canada or Britain

Articles of Confederation

adopted by Congress in 1777 and submitted to the states for ratification

* ratification was delayed by a dispute over the vast American Indian lands
* established a central government that consisted of just one body, congress
* gave the congress the power to wage war, make treaties, send diplomatic representatives and borrow money

Accomplishments of AoC

* winning the war
* Land Ordinance of 1785 (provided for setting aside one section of land in each township for public education)
* Northwest Ordinance of 1787 (granted limited self-gov. to the developing territory and prohibited slavery in the region)

Problems with AoC

* Financial (most debts were unpaid)
* Foreign (European nations had little respect)
* Domestic (Shay’s Rebellion)

Virginia Plan vs New Jersey Plan

* VP: favored large states
* NJ: favored small states

Roger Sherman proposed the Connecticut Plan (Great Compromise)

* Senate- states would have equal representation
* House of Representation- each state would be represented according to the size of its population

Federalists

supporters of the Constitution and its strong federal government (commonly along Atlantic Coast and large cities)

Anti-Federalists

opponents of the Constitution (small farmers and settlers on the western frontier)

1st Amendment freedoms

R- religion

A- assembly

P- press

P- petition

S- speech