C

Coriolis Effect

the deflection of moving objects (air or water) via the rotation of the earth

this influences wind patterns, oceanic surface currents, etc.

Eutrophication

when a body of water becomes over-riched with nutrients 

Mainly Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P)

This leads to excessive plant and algae growth

C4 Pathways

Special pathways plants use to avoid photorespiration and fix caron more efficiently

Is used during hot and dry environments

In change minimizing water retention

Methods of water retention

Having Internal Respiratory Organs

CAM Photosynthesis (stomata opens at night)

Ectothermy vs Endothermy Advantages

Endothermy - Warm blooded animals regulating body temperature using metabolic heat. Causing them to be active at all temperatures and active in broader geographic ranges

Ectotherm - Cold blooded animals have a need for low energy and can survive long times without consuming food. More energy goes to reproduction and growth

Defining factors of a land-scape study

Patchiness

Grain & extent

Larger Islands support more resources and promote higher diversity

Getting fewer immigrant species the small island vs the large island they have no reason to inhabit the small one

NPP vs GPP

GPP Gross Primary Productivity - Total amount of energy fixed by photosynthesis in an ecosystem

NPP Net Primary Productivity - Energy available to growth and to consumers (herbivores).

NPP = GPP - R 

R (plant respiration for self-maintenance and metabolism)

Temperate Grassland

biome dominated by drought tolerant individuals with hot summers and harsh winters.

Tropical Savanna

Dry seasons all around wet and dry

What is happening at the star ?

Both are decreasing

Primary sexual characteristics refer to phenotypic traits that help attract mates

False

Primary sexual characteristic refer to functions that make reproduction possible

Secondary sexual characteristics refer to phenotypes.

Polygyny

One male - multiple females

Polyandry

One female - multiple males

Monogamy

One male - One female

Promiscuity

Multiple males - multiple females

A major cost to sexual reproduction

Lower genetic fitness

this is because you only can pass half of your gene

Difference between GPP and NPP

NPP is GPP minus energy plants use for respiration

Characteristics of Eusocial species

Cooperative care of young

Overlapping generations

Distinct worker and reproductive castes

Ruderals

Pioneer species - rapid growth and high seed production

Competitor

thrive in stable environments, resource rich, tall fast growth

Stress-tolerant

thrive in harsh environments. slow growth and long-lived

A life table is used to

calculate population growth using age-specific values

What is the primary reason natural selection favors eusociality?

Maximizes gene copies passed to the next generation

Natural selection doesn’t care about harmony or cooperation. Just genes passed down to the next generation

Types of interactions (+,-) etc.

Parasitism (+,-)

Mutualism (+,+)

Commensalism (+,0)

Directional Selection

One extreme phenotype is favored

Stabilizing Selection

Intermediate phenotypes are favored; stable environmental conditions

Disruptive Selection

Mediocrity is not favored and both extremes are favored

Sexual Selection

Traits that increase mating success are favored

Type I Functional Response

Predator consumption linearly increase with prey density

Type II Functional Response

Curved line that slows or plateaus due to handling time

Type III Functional Response

S shaped line that is generalist and switches based on what is available

Patch Definition

discrete portion of one habitat type

Most accessible medium of nutrients in terrestrial systems

decomposition

T/F Communities have distinct and easily definable boundaries

False

When ecosystems undergo significant changes after crossing a tipping point

An alternative stable state

Corliolis Effect directs moving air …

sideways

Northern Hemisphere : to the right

Southern Hemisphere : to the left

Most carbon is found in

Earth’s crust

Lotka-Volterra predator prey models define

The growth rates of predator and prey populations

dN/dt

Instantaneous rate of change

What does the below line represent

Prey zero growth isocline

If competition coefficient α = 0.5, what does this mean?

Resource consumption of 1 of Species 2 is equivalent to 0.5 of Species 1

In Lotka Volterra, when do the two competing species coexist

When intraspecific competition (K) limits size more than interspecific competition (a,B)