Honors A&P Unit 3 (Semester 1 Final)

The soma (cell body) of a neuron is best described as

A. The region that releases neurotransmitters

B. The conducting region of the neuron

C. The life-support center containing the nucleus and organelles

D. The primary receptor of signals

C

Dendrites function primarily to

A. Transmit impulses away from the cell body

B. Generate action potentials

C. Receive incoming signals

D. Release neurotransmitters

C

The dendrites are also known as the

A. Conducting region

B. Secretory region

C. Input region

D. Output region

C

he axon of a neuron is responsible for

A. Receiving signals

B. Supporting the cell metabolically

C. Generating and transmitting nerve impulses

D. Producing neurotransmitters

C

Which part of the neuron is called the conducting region?

A. Soma

B. Dendrites

C. Axon

D. Axon terminal

C

A ganglion is defined as a

A. Bundle of axons in the CNS

B. Collection of neuron cell bodies outside the brain and spinal cord

C. Junction between neurons

D. Covering of nerve fibers

B

A nerve is best described as

A. A collection of dendrites

B. A single axon

C. A bundle of axons extending from the CNS

D. A collection of neuron cell bodies

C

Which structure is found in the peripheral nervous system?

A. Brain

B. Spinal cord

C. Ganglion

D. Cerebellum

C

The axon terminal is responsible for

A. Receiving incoming signals

B. Generating action potentials

C. Releasing neurotransmitters

D. Insulating the axon

C

The axon terminal is also known as the

A. Input region

B. Conducting region

C. Secretory region

D. Support region

C

Neurotransmitters are released when

A. The soma depolarizes

B. A nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal

C. The myelin sheath forms

D. Dendrites receive a signal

B

The myelin sheath functions to

A. Produce neurotransmitters

B. Store ions

C. Protect and electrically insulate axons

D. Generate nerve impulses

C

Myelination increases the speed of nerve impulse transmission by

A. Increasing axon diameter only

B. Preventing signal loss and allowing saltatory conduction

C. Slowing ion movement

D. Blocking action potentials

B

Nodes of Ranvier are

A. Thick myelinated regions

B. Neuron cell bodies

C. Unmyelinated gaps in the myelin sheath

D. Axon terminals

C

Nodes of Ranvier are important because they

A. Store neurotransmitters

B. Allow impulses to "jump," increasing conduction speed

C. Protect the axon from damage

D. Generate dendrites

B

Sensory neurons are also known as

A. Efferent neurons

B. Motor neurons

C. Afferent neurons

D. Interneurons

C

Sensory neurons transmit information

A. From the CNS to muscles

B. From the CNS to glands

C. From sensory receptors to the CNS

D. Between neurons in the brain

C

Motor neurons are also known as

A. Afferent neurons

B. Sensory neurons

C. Efferent neurons

D. Ganglionic neurons

C

Motor neurons transmit signals

A. To the CNS

B. From sensory receptors

C. From the CNS to the rest of the body

D. Only within the spinal cord

C

Which sequence correctly traces the path of a nerve impulse through a neuron?

A. Axon → dendrites → soma → axon terminal

B. Dendrites → soma → axon → axon terminal

C. Soma → dendrites → axon → terminal

D. Axon terminal → axon → soma → dendrites

B

Which pairing is correct?

A. Ganglion - bundle of axons

B. Nerve - collection of neuron cell bodies

C. Axon terminal - neurotransmitter release

D. Dendrites - secretory region

C

Interneurons are best described as neurons that

A. Transmit signals from the CNS to muscles

B. Transmit signals from receptors to the CNS

C. Connect sensory and motor neurons within the CNS

D. Release neurotransmitters to glands only

C

Interneurons are located primarily in the

A. Peripheral nervous system

B. Sensory receptors

C. Central nervous system

D. Neuromuscular junction

C

Resting membrane potential refers to

A. The peak voltage of an action potential

B. The voltage across the membrane of a resting excitable cell

C. The voltage at a synapse

D. The voltage during hyperpolarization

B

The typical resting membrane potential of a neuron is

A. Positive

B. 0 mV

C. Between -50 and -90 mV

D. Above +30 mV

C

A graded potential is best described as

A. An all-or-none response

B. A long-distance signal

C. A localized change in membrane potential

D. A refractory period

C

Which feature distinguishes graded potentials from action potentials?

A. Graded potentials travel long distances

B. Graded potentials vary in strength

C. Graded potentials occur only in axons

D. Graded potentials are self-propagating

B

Threshold is reached when

A. The membrane becomes more negative

B. Enough ions cross the membrane to trigger an action potential

C. Neurotransmitters are released

D. Hyperpolarization occurs

B

An action potential is best defined as

A. A small, local voltage change

B. A temporary loss of resting potential

C. A large membrane potential change that conducts a nerve impulse

D. A resting state of the neuron

C

Once threshold is reached, an action potential

A. Increases gradually

B. Occurs only in dendrites

C. Is an all-or-none event

D. Stops at the synapse

C

A nerve impulse is defined as

A. Neurotransmitter release

B. A graded potential

C. A self-propagating wave of depolarization

D. Repolarization only

C

Depolarization occurs when

A. The inside of the cell becomes more negative

B. The membrane potential decreases toward zero

C. Potassium exits the cell only

D. The resting membrane potential is restored

B

Repolarization is characterized by

A. Increased positive charge inside the cell

B. A return toward a more negative internal charge

C. Sodium influx

D. Initiation of an action potential

B

Hyperpolarization occurs when

A. The cell remains depolarized

B. The membrane returns directly to resting potential

C. The cell becomes more negative than resting potential

D. Sodium channels open

C

Hyperpolarization is associated with

A. Graded potentials

B. Refractory periods

C. Neurotransmitter release

D. Threshold

B

A synapse is best described as

A. A gap in the myelin sheath

B. A junction between two neurons

C. A neuron cell body

D. A conducting region

B

The synapse allows

A. Electrical insulation

B. Continuous ion flow between neurons

C. Transfer of signals from presynaptic to postsynaptic cells

D. Action potentials to jump

C

The neuron sending the signal at a synapse is the

A. Postsynaptic neuron

B. Interneuron

C. Presynaptic neuron

D. Effector cell

C

Which sequence correctly represents nerve signal progression?

A. Graded potential → threshold → action potential → nerve impulse

B. Action potential → graded potential → threshold

C. Threshold → graded potential → nerve impulse

D. Repolarization → depolarization → threshold

A

Which event directly causes an action potential to occur?

A. Hyperpolarization

B. Repolarization

C. Reaching threshold

D. Neurotransmitter reuptake

C

Which pairing is correct?

A. Depolarization - membrane becomes more negative

B. Repolarization - return to resting charge

C. Hyperpolarization - threshold reached

D. Graded potential - all-or-none

B

The meninges are best described as

A. Fluid-filled cavities in the brain

B. Layers of tissue that surround and cushion the brain

C. The largest part of the brain

D. Nerve pathways connecting the brain and spinal cord

B

The primary function of the meninges is to

A. Produce hormones

B. Generate nerve impulses

C. Protect and cushion the brain

D. Control muscle movement

C

A ventricle is a

A. Brain lobe

B. Layer of connective tissue

C. Hollow, fluid-filled cavity in the brain

D. Sensory receptor

C

Ventricles are important because they

A. Produce neurotransmitters

B. Contain the choroid plexus that produces cerebrospinal fluid

C. Coordinate muscle activity

D. Relay nerve impulses

B

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) functions primarily to

A. Transmit nerve impulses

B. Nourish muscles

C. Protect the brain and spinal cord

D. Control hormone release

C

The cerebrum is best described as

A. The smallest part of the brain

B. The brain region responsible for involuntary breathing

C. The largest part of the brain with two hemispheres and four lobes

D. The part that coordinates balance only

C

Which function is most closely associated with the cerebrum?

A. Smooth muscle coordination

B. Conscious thought and voluntary actions

C. Heart rate regulation

D. Reflex activity

B

The cerebellum is primarily responsible for

A. Conscious decision-making

B. Coordinating smooth and precise skeletal muscle activity

C. Relaying sensory information to the thalamus

D. Regulating breathing

B

Damage to the cerebellum would most likely result in

A. Loss of consciousness

B. Poor muscle coordination and balance

C. Inability to think

D. Hormonal imbalance

B

The brain stem includes the

A. Cerebrum and cerebellum

B. Pons, medulla oblongata, and midbrain

C. Thalamus and hypothalamus

D. Left and right hemispheres

B

The primary role of the brain stem is to

A. Control voluntary movement

B. Produce cerebrospinal fluid

C. Relay information between the brain and spinal cord

D. Coordinate fine motor movement

C

A neurotransmitter is

A. A hormone carried in the blood

B. A structural protein

C. A chemical messenger released by neurons

D. A sensory receptor

C

Neurotransmitters differ from hormones because they

A. Travel through the bloodstream

B. Act only on muscle cells

C. Are released at synapses to affect nearby cells

D. Are slower acting

C

A hormone is best described as

A. A chemical messenger released by neurons

B. A messenger that travels through blood to regulate cells

C. A local signal between two neurons

D. A receptor protein

B

Which pairing is correct?

A. Neurotransmitter - travels in blood

B. Hormone - released at synapse

C. Neurotransmitter - rapid, local signaling

D. Hormone - acts only on neurons

C

Mechanoreceptors respond to

A. Light

B. Temperature

C. Mechanical forces such as pressure and vibration

D. Chemical changes

C

Thermoreceptors are activated by

A. Touch and pressure

B. Light intensity

C. Changes in temperature

D. Sound waves

C

Photoreceptors respond to

A. Mechanical stretch

B. Heat

C. Light stimuli

D. Chemical signals

C

Which receptor allows you to feel vibration?

A. Thermoreceptor

B. Photoreceptor

C. Chemoreceptor

D. Mechanoreceptor

D

Which receptor type is essential for vision?

A. Mechanoreceptor

B. Thermoreceptor

C. Photoreceptor

D. Nociceptor

C

Chemoreceptors are sensory receptors that respond to

A. Light stimuli

B. Mechanical pressure

C. Chemical stimuli

D. Temperature changes

C

Which situation best activates a chemoreceptor?

A. Feeling vibration from a phone

B. Detecting the smell of perfume

C. Touching a hot surface

D. Seeing bright light

B

Chemoreceptors are essential for which sense?

A. Vision

B. Hearing

C. Smell and taste

D. Touch

C

Nociceptors are sensory receptors that respond to

A. Chemical changes

B. Mechanical pressure

C. Painful stimuli

D. Light

C

Which stimulus would most likely activate nociceptors?

A. A gentle breeze

B. A bright flashlight

C. Stepping on a sharp object

D. A temperature change of one degree

C

The primary function of nociceptors is to

A. Detect light

B. Maintain balance

C. Alert the body to potential tissue damage

D. Detect chemical changes

C

A reflex is best described as

A. A conscious decision

B. A learned behavior

C. An automatic reaction to a stimulus

D. A voluntary muscle movement

C

Which characteristic best defines a reflex?

A. Slow and deliberate

B. Requires conscious thought

C. Automatic and rapid

D. Always involves the brain

C

Pulling your hand away quickly after touching a hot stove is an example of a

A. Learned response

B. Voluntary movement

C. Reflex

D. Hormonal response

C

Why are reflexes important for survival?

A. They allow complex decision-making

B. They prevent muscle fatigue

C. They provide rapid protective responses

D. They regulate hormone levels

C

Which pairing is correct?

A. Chemoreceptor - pain detection

B. Nociceptor - chemical detection

C. Chemoreceptor - smell detection

D. Reflex - conscious movement

C

Which sensory receptor is most directly involved in detecting carbon dioxide levels in the blood?

A. Mechanoreceptor

B. Thermoreceptor

C. Photoreceptor

D. Chemoreceptor

D

The primary function of the nervous system is to

A. Produce hormones

B. Control voluntary muscles only

C. Serve as the body's main communication and control center

D. Transport nutrients

C

Which sequence correctly describes nervous system function?

A. Integration → sensory input → motor output

B. Sensory input → integration → motor output

C. Motor output → sensory input → integration

D. Sensory input → motor output → integration

B

Which cell type conducts electrical impulses?

A. Neuroglia

B. Osteocytes

C. Neurons

D. Epithelial cells

C

Which neuron type has one axon and many dendrites?

A. Bipolar

B. Unipolar

C. Multipolar

D. Sensory

C

A neuron that carries signals from receptors to the CNS is

A. Motor

B. Interneuron

C. Sensory

D. Multipolar

C

Interneurons are best described as neurons that

A. Carry signals to muscles

B. Carry signals from receptors

C. Transmit signals between neurons in the CNS

D. Produce myelin

C

Structural classification of neurons is based on

A. Signal direction

B. Location in the body

C. Number of processes from the soma

D. Type of neurotransmitter

C

Which cell type provides insulation and metabolic support?

A. Neuron

B. Neuroglia

C. Axon terminal

D. Dendrite

B

A nerve impulse travels from one neuron to another by moving from the

A. Dendrites of one neuron to the axon of another

B. Soma to soma

C. Axon of one neuron to the dendrites of another

D. Axon terminal to axon terminal

C

The synapse is best described as

A. The gap between dendrites

B. The junction between two neurons

C. The axon of a neuron

D. A node of Ranvier

B

The space between two neurons at a synapse is called the

A. Axon hillock

B. Myelin sheath

C. Synaptic cleft

D. Node of Ranvier

C

Electrical synapses differ from chemical synapses because they

A. Use neurotransmitters

B. Are slower

C. Transmit signals directly through gap junctions

D. Occur only in the brain

C

The most common type of synapse in the human nervous system is

A. Electrical

B. Mechanical

C. Chemical

D. Graded

C

Chemical synapses transmit signals by

A. Passing ions directly between neurons

B. Converting electrical signals into chemical signals

C. Stretching the membrane

D. Opening voltage-gated sodium channels only

B

Neurotransmitters function by

A. Entering the nucleus

B. Diffusing across the synaptic cleft

C. Pumping ions across membranes

D. Creating myelin

B

The strength of a neural signal can be increased by

A. Increasing the size of an action potential

B. Increasing the frequency of action potentials

C. Increasing resting membrane potential

D. Increasing synaptic cleft width

B

Protein channels are important because they

A. Allow all molecules to pass freely

B. Prevent ion movement

C. Allow specific ions to cross the membrane

D. Produce neurotransmitters

C

Neurons send electrical signals by

A. Changing their shape

B. Changing the distribution of electrical charges across the membrane

C. Releasing hormones

D. Stretching the membrane

B

The Na⁺/K⁺ pump moves

A. 2 Na⁺ in and 3 K⁺ out

B. 3 Na⁺ in and 2 K⁺ out

C. 3 Na⁺ out and 2 K⁺ in

D. 2 Na⁺ out and 3 K⁺ in

C

The main role of the Na⁺/K⁺ pump is to

A. Generate action potentials

B. Restore neurotransmitters

C. Maintain the resting membrane potential

D. Open voltage-gated channels

C

The resting membrane potential of a neuron is approximately

A. +30 mV

B. 0 mV

C. -70 mV

D. -100 mV

C

Voltage-gated channels open in response to

A. Chemical binding

B. Membrane stretch

C. Changes in membrane potential

D. ATP breakdown

C

Ligand-gated channels open when

A. The membrane is stretched

B. A specific chemical binds to the channel

C. The membrane reaches -70 mV

D. Sodium is pumped out

B

Mechanically-gated channels open when

A. A neurotransmitter binds

B. The membrane is physically deformed

C. The voltage changes

D. Potassium exits the cell

B

Which channel type is most directly involved at chemical synapses?

A. Voltage-gated

B. Ligand-gated

C. Mechanically-gated

D. Leak channels

B

Which channel type is critical for action potential propagation along the axon?

A. Ligand-gated

B. Mechanically-gated

C. Voltage-gated

D. Chemically-gated

C

Which sequence best describes signal transmission between neurons?

A. Axon → synaptic cleft → dendrites

B. Dendrites → synaptic cleft → axon

C. Soma → dendrites → axon

D. Axon terminal → soma

A