!Things to go over for final module exam (75 MCQ)!

What are liver function tests?

Liver function tests include ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and albumin.

What does the renal profile test include?

The renal profile tests include BUN, creatinine, and electrolytes.

What is TSH?

TSH stands for Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone, which regulates the production of thyroid hormones.

What are the components of thyroid testing?

Thyroid tests include TSH, T3, and T4.

How many fractions can proteins be separated into during electrophoresis?

Proteins can be separated into 5 fractions: albumin, alpha-1, alpha-2, beta, and gamma.

What is the definition of a reference electrode?

A reference electrode is one that has a stable and well-known electrode potential.

What does a pH electrode measure?

A pH electrode measures the hydrogen ion activity in a solution, indicating acidity or alkalinity.

What is photometry?

Photometry is the measurement of light intensity, especially in relation to the emission, absorption, or scattering of light.

What electrolyte is measured in sweat to diagnose cystic fibrosis?

The electrolyte measured in sweat for cystic fibrosis is chloride.

What tests are included in the electrolyte profile?

The electrolyte profile typically includes tests for sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate.

What effect does pumping the fist have during blood collection?

Pumping the fist can lead to falsely elevated potassium levels.

When may a hemolyzed specimen occur?

A hemolyzed specimen can occur due to improper venipuncture, vigorous shaking, or prolonged tourniquet application.

What is metabolic acidosis?

Metabolic acidosis is characterized by a decrease in blood pH due to an accumulation of acids or a decrease in bicarbonate.

What is respiratory acidosis?

Respiratory acidosis is characterized by a decrease in blood pH due to hypoventilation and accumulation of carbon dioxide.

What hormones are released by the pancreas?

The pancreas releases insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin.

What hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?

The three hormones produced by the thyroid are Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), and Calcitonin.

What is Troponin?

Troponin is a protein released into the bloodstream when the heart muscle is damaged.

What is Myoglobin?

Myoglobin is a protein that binds oxygen in muscle tissue and is released when muscle is damaged.

What constitutes the cardiac profile tests?

Cardiac profile tests include Troponin, CK-MB, and Myoglobin.

What does the lipid testing profile include?

The lipid testing profile includes total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides.

How long can urea remain stable in the fridge?

Urea can remain stable in the fridge for up to 24 hours.

What can a buildup of bilirubin in a newborn cause?

It can cause damage to brain tissue, leading to kernicterus.

What is the difference between creatine and creatinine?

Creatine is used to supply energy for muscle; creatinine is a waste product from creatine breakdown excreted by the kidneys.

What does the creatinine clearance test measure?

It measures the rate at which creatinine is removed from the blood, indicating glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

What does hepatitis mean?

Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver.

What are buffers?

Buffers are solutions that resist changes in pH upon the addition of small amounts of acid or base.

What anticoagulant is used for blood gases?

The anticoagulant used is heparin (usually lithium heparin).

What is FOBT?

FOBT stands for Fecal Occult Blood Test, which detects hidden blood in stool.

What is the procedure for the FOBT test?

The FOBT screens for hidden blood; a solution containing hydrogen peroxide is used, turning blue if positive.

What are the two types of FOBT tests?

The two types are Guaiac Fecal Occult Blood Test (gFOBT) and Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT).

What does TDM stand for?

TDM stands for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring.

What is the renal threshold?

The renal threshold is the maximum concentration a substance can reach in blood before appearing in urine.

What is 24-hour urine collection?

It involves collecting all urine produced over a full 24-hour period.

What is oliguria?

Oliguria is low urine output, defined as less than 400 mL in 24 hours.

What is CCMSU?

CCMSU stands for Clean-Catch Midstream Urine, collected with a rigorous cleaning procedure.

How do we collect a catheterized urine specimen?

A sterile catheter is inserted through the urethra into the bladder to withdraw urine.

What is the pH scale?

The pH scale measures acidity or alkalinity, ranging from 0 (acidic) to 14 (basic), with 7 being neutral.

What happens to the pH of urine left standing?

It typically increases and becomes more alkaline due to bacterial breakdown of urea.

What are the components of urine examination?

Physical, chemical, and microscopic examinations assess urine for color, clarity, specific gravity, and analytes.

What is specific gravity in urine?

Specific gravity measures the concentration of solutes in urine.

What analytes are measured in a dipstick method?

The dipstick method measures pH, protein, glucose, ketones, blood, bilirubin, urobilinogen, nitrite, leukocytes, specific gravity, and ascorbic acid.

What does nitrite measure?

Nitrite measures the presence of certain bacteria in urine; nitrate is the unreacted form that can be converted to nitrite.

How do we use a refractometer?

A refractometer measures the refractive index of urine to determine specific gravity; a urinometer can also be used.

What is needed to prepare urine for examination under a microscope?

Urine should be centrifuged to obtain sediment for microscopic evaluation.

What are confirmatory tests for glucose and protein?

The confirmatory tests for glucose include the glucose oxidase test and for protein is the sulfosalicylic acid test.

What is the copper reduction test?

A test to detect reducing substances, primarily used for glucose in urine.

What is the functional unit of a kidney?

The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.

What organs are part of the urinary system?

The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

What is urine made of?

Urine is composed of water, urea, creatinine, electrolytes, and various metabolic waste products.

What is the abbreviation for routine urinalysis?

The abbreviation for routine urinalysis is UA.

What is a spectrophotometer?

A spectrophotometer is an instrument used to measure the intensity of light absorbed by a sample.

What is reflectance photometry?

Reflectance photometry measures light reflected from a sample, commonly used in dipstick urinalysis.

What does ISE stand for?

ISE stands for Ion-Sensitive Electrode.

What is Nephelometry?

Nephelometry measures light scatter caused by particles in a solution.

What is flow cytometry?

Flow cytometry is a technique used to analyze the physical and chemical characteristics of cells or particles in a fluid.

Which sample would be set up first for urinalysis vs. culture?

The urine culture sample would typically be set up first.

What type of container is used for CCMSU?

A sterile container is used for Clean-Catch Midstream Urine collection.

When is urine most concentrated during the day?

Urine is most concentrated in the morning.

What is OGGT test?

OGGT is the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test used to evaluate glucose metabolism.

What is evaluated in a lactose tolerance test?

The lactose tolerance test evaluates the body's ability to digest lactose.

What is the 72-hour stool specimen used for?

It is used to measure fat content and diagnose malabsorption issues.

What three hormones does the urinary system produce?

The urinary system produces erythropoietin, renin, and calcitriol.

What causes ammonia smell in urine?

Ammonia smell in urine is due to the breakdown of urea by bacteria.

What other odors can be expected in urine?

Urine can have odors such as fruity (diabetes), foul (infection), or sulfurous (certain foods).

What is the expected specific gravity in concentrated urine?

In concentrated urine, specific gravity is typically higher than normal, reflecting increased solutes.

What is the range of specific gravity for urine?

The range of specific gravity for urine is typically 1.005 to 1.030.

What preservatives can be used for urine specimens?

Preservatives for urine specimens include hydrochloric acid, boric acid, and formalin.

What is the typical pH of urine?

The typical pH of urine ranges from 4.5 to 8.0.

What does urine for cytology study?

Urine for cytology studies the urine sediment to detect cancer cells or other abnormalities.