- motions occurs as the muscle shortens and the muscle's proximal and distal insertion points move closer towards each other - positive contraction - force > resistance
2
New cards
Eccentric Contraction
- lengthening activation of muscle - negative contraction or negative work - force < resistance
3
New cards
Isometric Contraction
- muscle produces force with no apparent change in the joint angle - static, or holding contraction
4
New cards
Potential Difference
imbalance of ions from one side of a cell membrane to the other.
5
New cards
-60 to -90 mv
resting membrane potential.
6
New cards
Irritability
ability to react to a stimulus.
7
New cards
Depolarization
change of cell membrane's resting potential to a more positive charge.
8
New cards
Action Potential
nerve impulse due to continued depolarization.
9
New cards
Repolarization
return to its original resting membrane potential.
10
New cards
Neurotransmitters
chemicals that are responsible for action potential or for the generation of nerve or muscle impulse.
11
New cards
Dopamine
neurotransmitter responsible for Parkinson's disease.
12
New cards
Cell Body Axons Dendrites
parts of a neuron.
13
New cards
Axons
transfers information from the cell body to the outside.
14
New cards
Dendrites
receives information towards the cell body.
15
New cards
Neuroglia
- has the ability to regenerate and divide - usually the cause of tumors
16
New cards
Astrocytes
- brace neurons together - act as a chemical mediator among the ions that penetrates your brain - maintain chemical activity in the brain - forms the blood-brain barrier
17
New cards
Microglia
acts as macrophages of the cell.
18
New cards
Oligodendrocytes
produces myelin sheath in the CNS.
19
New cards
Schwann Cells
produces myelin sheath in the PNS.
20
New cards
Ependymal Cells
circulate the flow of CSF in the brain.
21
New cards
Central Nervous System
consist of the brain and the spinal cord.
22
New cards
Peripheral Nervous System
- the section of the nervous system lying outside the brain and spinal cord - emit efferent and afferent neurons
23
New cards
Upper Motor Neuron
- cortex to spinal cord - PUSH (define)
24
New cards
Lower Motor Neuron
- spinal cord to the effector organ - FLAN (define)
25
New cards
Afferent
- 1st, 2nd, and 3rd order neuron - ascending neurons - sensory
26
New cards
Efferent
- regulates movement and behavior - descending neurons - motor
27
New cards
Interneuron
- neurons within the ventral horn and intermediate areas of the spinal cord - bridge between UMN and LMN
28
New cards
Myelin Sheath
is a white lipid substance that insulates the neural axon.
29
New cards
Nodes of Ranvier
- spaces between myelin sheath - responsible for saltatory conduction
30
New cards
Sensory Nerves
- afferent nerve fibers - carry impulses arising from various receptors in the skin, muscle, and special sense organs to the CNS
31
New cards
Motor Nerve
- efferent nerve fibers - conduct impulses from the spinal cord to skeletal muscles fibers for voluntary muscle activity control - LMN - final common path between the NS and the muscular system
32
New cards
Autonomic Neurons
concerned with the involuntary control of glandular activites and smooth muscles, including smooth muscles surrounding arterioles and venules within muscles.
33
New cards
Type A and B
myelinated nerve fibers.
34
New cards
C fibers
unmyelinated nerve fibers
35
New cards
Alpha Beta Delta Gamma
types of type A nerve fibers.
36
New cards
Gate Control Theory
only one type of painful sensation at time.
37
New cards
Muscle Spindle
sensitive to stretch.
38
New cards
Golgi Tendon Organ
sensitive to tension.
39
New cards
Autogenic Inhibition
the GTO is responsible for inhibiting the agonist muscle to facilitate the antagonistic muscle.
40
New cards
Alpha
extrafusal fibers.
41
New cards
Gamma
intrafusal fibers.
42
New cards
Association Neurons
these are nerves that communicate with each other within the brain and literally create associations between neural area.
43
New cards
White Matter
- whitish nervous tissue of the CNS consisting of neurons and their myelin sheaths - subcortical structures within the cerebral cortex
44
New cards
Nuclei
clusters of nerve cell bodies found within the CNS.
45
New cards
Ganglia
clusters of nerve cell bodies found within the PNS.
46
New cards
Gray Matter
- makes up the outer most layer of the brain - makes up the Brodmann's area
47
New cards
Commisural Fibers
connect the right side of the brain to the left side.
48
New cards
Association Fibers
connects the structures on the same side of the brain.
49
New cards
Projection Fibers
connects the superior portion to the inferior portion.
50
New cards
Endomysium
covering that surrounds the skeletal muscles.
51
New cards
Perimysium
surrounds the fascicles.
52
New cards
Epimysium
surrounds the specific muscle fiber.
53
New cards
Tendon
attachment from muscle to bone.
54
New cards
Aponeurosis
flattened tendon.
55
New cards
Sarcoplasm
cytoplasm of the myofiber.
56
New cards
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
- ER of the muscle fiber - where calcium is stored
57
New cards
Sarcolemma
plasma membrane of the striated muscle.
58
New cards
Myoglobin
responsible for the distribution of oxygen to tissues.
59
New cards
Sarcomere
basic contractile unit
60
New cards
Z disc
- border - inside this is the sarcomere
61
New cards
A band
anisotrophic band.
62
New cards
I band
- isotrophic band - composed of both actin and myosin
63
New cards
H zone
composed of pure myosin filaments.
64
New cards
M band/line
- point of attachment of myosin filaments - where the actin move towards during shortening contraction
65
New cards
Troponin and Tropomyosin
regulatory proteins.
66
New cards
Myosin and Actin
contractile proteins.
67
New cards
Myoneural Junction
- neuromuscular junction - point of connection between the nerve fiber and the muscle fiber - mediated by ACH and acetlycholinesterase
68
New cards
Size Principle
the smallest motor units are activated first.
69
New cards
Recruitment Principle
number of motor units is directly proportional to the strength of the contraction.
70
New cards
Excitatory Input/Rate Coding Principle
increasing the frequency of stimulation.
71
New cards
Stretch Reflex
- a simple reflex arc mediated at the spinal cord level - responsible for deep tendon reflex
72
New cards
Muscle Tone
constant state of readiness of the muscle.
73
New cards
Hypertonicity
increased muscle tone.
74
New cards
Hypotonicity
decreased muscle tone.
75
New cards
Atonicity
no muscle tone.
76
New cards
Postural Tone
term used to describe the development of muscular tension in specific muscles that maintain body segments in their proper relationships to maintain posture.
77
New cards
Kinesthesia
- awareness of dynamic joint motion - deep sensation - movement sense
78
New cards
Position Sense
- awareness of static position - deep sensation
79
New cards
Proprioception
refers to the use of sensory input from receptors in muscle spindles, tendons, and joints to discriminate joint position and joint movement, including direction amplitude, and speed, as well as relative tension within tendons.
80
New cards
Postural Equilibrium
- somatosensory and proprioception - visual system - vestibular system
81
New cards
Lead Pipe Rigidity
resistance to passive movement is smooth.
82
New cards
Cogwheel Rigidity
on passive movements there are regular jerky "gives" in the resistance due to intermittent yielding of muscle.
83
New cards
Decorticate Rigidity
extension of the LE and flexion of the UE.
84
New cards
Decerebrate Rigidity
rigid extension of UE and LE.
85
New cards
Spasticity
- hypertonic motor disorder characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive stretch - clasp-knife phenomenon - injury to the corticospinal pathway
86
New cards
Clonus
characterized by cyclical, spasmodic alternation of muscular contraction and relaxation in response to sustained stretch of a spastic muscle.
87
New cards
Cerebrovascular Accident
- defined as a sudden focal neurologic deficit resulting from ischemic or hemorrhagic lesion the brain - 3rd most common cause of death and most common cause of disability in the US
88
New cards
Ischemic Stroke and Hemorrhagic Stroke
types of CVA
89
New cards
Parkinson's Disease
disorder of the extrapyramidal system with loss of pigmented cells in the substantia nigra that produces dopamine and degeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway.
90
New cards
Bradykinesia
slowness of movement
91
New cards
Kinetic Tremor
tremor that manifests when the pt is moving.
92
New cards
Resting Tremor
tremor that manifests when the pt is resting.
93
New cards
Multiple Sclerosis
- demyelinating disease of the central nervous system usually affecting young adults - degeneration of myelin sheath
94
New cards
Cerebral Palsy
- infantile cerebral paralysis or little's disease - persistent disorder of movement and posture appearing early in due to a developmental, non-progressive lesion of the brain - 7 years old and below