Biopsychology

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42 Terms

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Biopsychology

  • “The scientific study of the biology of behavior (psychology).”

  • Psychology: The scientific study of behavior.

  • Also called psychobiology, behavioral biology, or behavioral neuroscience.

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Donald Hebb (1949)

  •  Proposed that psychological phenomena might be produced by brain activity.

  •  work discredited the idea that psychological functions were too complex to be derived from physiological activities.

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late 1940s.

 Biopsychology became a discipline in the

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Neuroanatomy

Structure of the nervous system.

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Neurochemistry

 Chemical bases of neural activity.

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Neuroendocrinology

 Interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system.

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Neuropathology

Nervous system disorders.

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Neuropharmacology

Effects of drugs on neural activity.

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Neurophysiology

Functions and activities of the nervous system.

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  1. NeuroAnatomy

  2. NeuroChemistry

  3. NeuroEndocrinology

  4. NeuroPathology

  5. NeuroPharmacology

  6. NeuroPhysiology

ACE P3

Other Disciplines of Neuroscience

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  1. Simpler brains: Make brain-behavior interactions easier to study.

  2. Comparative approach: Gain insights by comparing species.

  3. Fewer ethical restrictions: Although nonhuman research still requires ethical oversight.

Why Use Nonhumans?

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  1. Follow instructions: Humans can follow complex tasks.

  2. Subjective reports: Humans can describe their experiences.

  3. Cost-effective: Often cheaper to work with.

  4. Easier maintenance: Their cages are easier to clean.

Why Use Humans?

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Between-subjects design:

  • Different groups tested under each condition.

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Within-subjects design:

  • Same group tested under each condition.

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Pure research

Conducted to acquire knowledge

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Applied research

Intended to benefit humankind.

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Physiological Psychology:

Studies neural mechanisms of behavior through controlled experiments (e.g., electrical or surgical manipulation of the brain).

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Psychopharmacology

Focuses on the effects of drugs on neural activity and behavior.

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Neuropsychology

Studies psychological effects of brain damage in humans (clinical emphasis).

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Psychophysiology

Examines the relationship between physiological activity and psychological processes (noninvasive methods).

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Cognitive Neuroscience

Investigates neural mechanisms underlying cognition.

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Comparative Psychology

Compares behavior across species.

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Physiological Psychology

  • Methods: Direct manipulation of the brain (e.g., electrical or surgical).

  • Subjects: Primarily nonhuman (e.g., rats with electrodes implanted in the insula).

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Psychopharmacology

  • Focus: Effects of drugs on the brain and behavior.

  • Example: Discovery of drugs supplementing acetylcholine for Alzheimer’s patients.

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Neuropsychology

  • Focus: Psychological effects of brain damage in humans.

  • Methods: Case studies and quasiexperimental studies (e.g., patients with brain damage from disease, accident, or surgery).

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Psychophysiology

  • Focus: Relationship between physiological activity and psychological processes.

  • Methods: Noninvasive recording procedures (e.g., abnormal visual tracking in schizophrenics).

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  • Physiological Psychology - Physiological Psychologist

  • Study of neural mechanisms of behavior by manipulating the nervous systems of nonhuman animals.

  • Example: Surgical removal of the hippocampus in rats to assess memory tasks.

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  • Psychopharmacology - Psychopharmacologist

  • Study of the effects of drugs on the brain and behavior.

  • Example: Administering drugs to increase acetylcholine levels in Alzheimer’s patients to improve memory.

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  • Neuropsychology - Neuropsychologist

  • Study of psychological effects of brain damage in human patients.

  • Example: Patients with alcohol-induced brain damage show difficulty remembering recent events.

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  • Psychophysiology - Psychophysiologist

  • Study of the relation between physiological activity and psychological processes in humans.

  • Example: Familiar faces elicit autonomic nervous system activity even when brain-damaged patients report no recognition.

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  • Cognitive Neuroscience - Cognitive Neuroscientist

  • Study of neural mechanisms of human cognition using functional brain imaging.

  • Example: Brain-imaging technology reveals changes in brain activity during memory tasks.

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  • Comparative Psychology - Comparative Psychologist

  • Study of evolution, genetics, and adaptiveness of behavior using the comparative method.

  • Example: Bird species that cache seeds have larger hippocampi, confirming its role in memory for location.

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  • Physiological Psychology

  • Psychopharmacology

  • Neuropsychology

  • Psychophysiology

  • Cognitive Neuroscience

  • Comparative Psychology

PP NPP CC

The Six Major Divisions of Biopsychology

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Cognitive Neuroscience

  • Definition: The neural bases of cognition, including higher intellectual processes like thought, memory, attention, and complex perception.

  • Method: Functional brain imaging is the primary tool.

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Comparative Psychology

  • Definition: Comparing different species to understand the evolution, genetics, and adaptiveness of behavior.

  • Methods: Laboratory and/or ethological research (study of animal behavior in its natural environment).

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Converging Operations

  • Definition: Using multiple approaches to address a single question.

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Korsakoff’s Syndrome

  • Description: A condition characterized by severe memory loss, commonly seen in alcoholics.

  • Question: Is Korsakoff’s syndrome the result of the toxic effects of alcohol on the brain?

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  • thiamine

  • Case Study: Jimmie G., an alcoholic with Korsakoff’s syndrome.

  • Findings:

    1. Korsakoff’s is also seen in malnourished individuals with little or no alcohol consumption.

    2. Thiamine-deficient rats exhibit memory deficits.

    3. Alcohol accelerates brain damage in thiamine-deficient rats.

  • Conclusion: Korsakoff’s syndrome is primarily caused by ____ deficiency, but alcohol accelerates the damage.

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Critical Thinking

  • Definition: The ability to evaluate scientific claims by identifying potential omissions or weaknesses in the evidence.

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Morgan’s Canon:

  • Prefer the simplest interpretation for behavioral observations.

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Jose Delgado and Aggression

  • Claim: A charging bull can be tamed by stimulating its caudate nucleus.

  • Alternative Explanations: The bull may be dizzy, in pain, or temporarily blinded.

  • Morgan’s Canon: Prefer the simplest interpretation for behavioral observations.

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Moniz and Frontal Lobotomy

  • Background: Moniz won a Nobel Prize for prefrontal lobotomy.

  • Issues:

    1. Adoption for human therapy based on a single chimpanzee study.

    2. Inadequate postoperative evaluation of human patients.

    3. Undesirable side effects: amorality, lack of foresight, emotional unresponsiveness, epilepsy, and urinary incontinence.