Respiratory & Cardiovascular

Rhino/Naso

related to the nose

Pneumo

related to air/ lungs

Broncho

related to bronchi

Artery carry blood (toward or away) from the heart

away

veins carry the blood (towards or away) from the heart

towards

cardia

related to the heart

what is the respiratory system's main function?

gas exchange, acid-base balance and thermoregulation

what separated the upper and lower respiratory tracts?

larynx

The nose is a _________ structure attached to the most ________ part of the face.

cartilaginous, rostral

The nose is a cartilaginous structure attached to the most rostral part of the face...

nasal aperture

what is the proper medical term for nostrils

nares

what are the rostral openings of the respiratory system

nares

what animal has a false nostril and what is it called

horse, nasal diverticulum

what does the nasal diverticulum end in?

a blind cutaneous pouch

what is the specialized integumentary structure with a
leathery appearance.

nasal planum

what is the structure in the ruminant and horse that is contigous with the upper lip

nasolabial planum

what separates the nasal cavity into the right and left halves

nasal septum

what are the scroll like bones within each side of the nasal cavity?

conchae

what do the nasal conchae extend from?

cribriform plate

what are the spaces in the conchae that the air can pass through called

meatuses

The __________ meatus exists between the dorsal most
conchae and the nasal bones

dorsal

The _________ meatus exists between the median nasal
septum and the conchae

common

The _________ meatus is the largest and exists between the
ventral conchae and the hard palate

ventral

what is the only concha large enough to accommodate the nasogastric tubing in horses?

ventral meatus

The caudal ends of the conchae terminate into the caudal nares,
better known as the __________

choanae

what are the openings that are the last spaces within the nasal cavity

choanae

what is the space that lies caudally to the nasal cavity

nasopharynx

The __________ is the space the communicates with the
nasopharynx dorsally and the oropharynx ventrally

pharynx

The _________ is a cartilaginous structure that separates the upper
and lower respiratory tracts

larynx

what is the largest cartilage of the larynx?

thyroid cartilage

On the rostro-dorsal lateral aspect of the laryngeal opening
are wing-like....

arytenoid cartilages

what are the two concave depressions on either side of th elarynx called?

lateral ventricles

what are the spaces of the lateral ventricles on the larynx a space for?

vocal fold vibrations

what are just caudal to the lateral ventricles?

vocal folds

what is another word for vocal folds

vocal cords

what is the narrow space between the arytenoid cartilage and the vocal cords?

glottic cleft

what are the muscles that open and close the glottic cleft?

cricoarytenoid muscles

what are the cricoarytenoid muscles innervated with

a branch of the recurrent
laryngeal nerve.

The ___________ is the cartilaginous structure located _________
to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx.

epiglottis, ventral

is the epiglottis ventral or dorsa to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx

ventral

the epiglottis moves to cover the________ during swallowing

larynx

what is the mesothelium that covers the respiratory tract

pleura

the visceral pulmonary pleura is found attached to the superficial...

lungs

the parietal pleura lines the walls of the ________ _________ ________

thorax, mediastinum, and diaphragm

what is the space between the right and left mediastinal pleura that contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, and aorta?

mediastinum

what is the split the trachea ends in called?

tracheal bifurcation

what is the ridge that separates the right and left bronchus called

carina

what attaches each of the tracheal cartilages to one another?

annular ligamnets

The dorsal aspect of the tracheal cartilages are connected by a
smooth muscle known as the ...

trachealis muscle

in most animals there are two primary bronchi called the....

right and left primary bronchi

In the ox and pig, there is a third primary bronchus before
the tracheal bifurcation, known as the ...

tracheal broncus

bronchioles lack _________ and end in _______

cartilage, alveoli

what are the two lobes of the LEFT lung

left cranial and left caudal lung lobe

what are the FOUR part of the right lung

right cranial, right middle, right accessory, right caudal lung lobe

what muscle separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

diaphragm

what is the diaphragm innervated with?

phrenic

The aorta travels through the diaphragm at the _______ ________

aortic hiatus

T or F the esophageal hiatus is found centrally

T

The caudal vena cava travels through the diaphragm the ...

caval foramen

T or F the caval foramen is most ventral

True

The diaphragm has two muscular sheets at its dorsal aspect
known as the...

crura

On right lateral radiographs, the crura are

parallel

what does blood travel through

blood vessels

Arteries carry the blood (TOWARDS or AWAY) from the heart

away (Arteries Away)

Arteries have thicker, muscular walls and function with a...

higher pressure

what do capillaries connect?

arteries and veins

T or F Capillaries are NOT permeable

F

Veins carry a larger volume of blood under a (LOWER or HIGHER)
pressure

lower

lymph is carries through the...

lymph vessels

what is the outer layer of the pericardium that is a ridged fibrous sac

Fibrous pericardium

The (PARIETAL or VISCERAL) layer of the serous pericardium is attached to the
fibrous layer

parietal

The visceral layer is attached directly to the myocardium and is
called the...

epicardium

The space between the parietal layer and the visceral layers is the...

pericardial cavity

there is a small amount of what in the pericardial cavity that is for lubrication?

fluid

what are the three layers of the heart

myocardium, endocardium, epicardium

what are the 4 chambers of the heart

right atria, left atria, left ventricle, right ventricle

the left atrium contains blood returning from the...

lung

what separates the left and right atria?

interatrial septum

The left ventricle receives blood leaving the...

left atrium

The right ventricle receives blood leaving the...

right atrium

what separates the left and right ventricles?

interventricular septum

Muscles that project from the walls of the ventricle and
attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves are called...

papillary muscles

Papillary muscles are attached by a connective tissue
structure known as

chordae tendinea

what is the left atrioventricular valve also called

mitral valve

The Left Atrioventricular Valve has two...

cusps (bicuspid)

the aortic valve is found cranially at the dorsal aspect of the left ventricle next to the...

mitral valve

the aortic valve permits blood to leave the ______ ventricle into the _______

left, aorta

how many cusps does the right atrioventricular valve have

3 cusps (tricuspid)

the pulmonic valve permits blood to move from the _______ ventricle to the __________ ________

right, pulmonary artery

what is the main artery to leave the left ventricle?

aorta

what are the three sections of the aorta

ascending, aortic arch, and descending aorta

what are the first arteries to branch off the aorta?

cononary arteries

what is the wide short branch off the aorta?

brachiocephalic trunk

what is the first branch off the brachiocephalic trunk called?

left common carotid artery

each common carotid artery splits into ________ and ________

internal and external branched

what do the internal and external common carotid arteries eventually split off into? (two arteries)

facial and maxillary

After the left common carotid artery, the brachiocephalic
trunk becomes the

right subclavian artery

As the right subclavian artery progresses towards the
thoracic limb, it becomes known as the...

right axillary artery

Once the brachial artery is within the antebrachium, the brachial artery
becomes the

median artery

T or F The left subclavian progresses as the axillary, then
brachial then median arteries just as the right does.

True