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Self concept
Persons knowledge about oneself including traits, experiences etc
Influences: social, culture, SIT, gender (social role theory)
Self schema
Integrated set of memories, beliefs about an attribute that is part of one’s self concept. Mostly stable, learn from social interactions
Sources of self
Symbolic interactionism (importance of them close to us)
Looking glass self
Reflected appraisals (what we think others think of us)
Downward comparison
Comparing oneself with those who are worse off
Upward comparison
Comparing oneself with those who are better off
Better than average effect
In many ability and traits most people think they are better than average
Self perception theory
People form impressions of themselves by observing their own behaviour and the situation it occurs in
Facial feedback hypothesis
Changes in facial expression elicit emotions associated with those expressions
Two factor theory of emotion
Emotions are an interaction of arousal and interpretation of that arousal
Emotion = arousal * cognitive appraisal
Cognitive dissonance
When attitude and behaviour don’t match we change our attitude to match our behaviour
Self awareness
Intensified emotional response. Adherence to personal standards. Highlights gap between doing and could be doing
Self discrepancy theory
Feel negative when falling short of our expectations. Conflict between actual, ideal and ought selves
Impacts = negative effect, reducing self esteem. Improve by self control
Self esteem
Evaluative component of self concept. Subjective appraisal, varies depending on context.
Sources = self awareness and goal discrepancies and developmental influences
Mood regulation
Low SE deflect positive feelings, externalise successes. After failure less likely to improve mood
Narcissism
Unstable mood, rely on validation, crave attention, lack empathy
Self regulation
Set of processes for guiding oneself to reach goals. Based on self awareness, goal setting, mental time travel
Willpower
Capacity to overcome temptations that could stop long term
Hot vs Cold processes
Hot = driven by strong emotions
Cold = level headed reasoning
Both activated through mindful attention, reduce temptation
Delay gratification
Performance at age 4 can predict self regulation. 30 years later
Theory of planned behaviour
Behaviour is complex and unrational.
Interact with social norms to act morally, external ‘brake’ on behaviour
Interact with availability of self control to inhibit actions
