3. parental behaviors

the only common feature of all mammalian mothers is _____ _____ _____

nursing of young

pigeons & doves produce _____ _____ (_____ _____): regurgitated secretory products from the crop; this is functionally the same as _____

• _____ & _____ _____ feed it to the young

• is essential for _____ & _____

1. crop milk

2. pigeon milk

3. nursing

4. female

5. male pigeons

6. growth & development

crop: stores _____

• in pigeons, changes prior to _____ in response to _____ & returns to _____-_____ state at the end of the period

• during _____, a curd-like substance is created from the _____-_____ _____ that line the crop & _____ to feed the young

1. food

2. lactation

3. prolactin

4. non-lactating

5. lactation

6. fat-filled cells

7. regurgitate

in flamingos, milk is secreted through _____ along the _____ _____

• the young feed on it until they develop _____ _____ _____ in the bills to allow consumption of solid food

1. glands

2. digestive tract

3. filter feeding apparatus

male emperor penguins produce a milk-like substance from the _____

• this feature in males is _____ incase the female is late to return from _____ & vice versa

1. esophagus

2. crucial

3. fishing

chronological maternal behaviors in mammals

• _____, _____

• _____

• _____

• _____-_____ _____

• _____

1. courtship, fertilization

2. pregnancy

3. parturition

4. mother-infant attachment

5. weaning

chronological maternal behaviors in avians

• _____, _____

• _____ _____, _____

• _____

• _____

• _____

• _____

1. courtship, fertilization

2. pre-laying pacing, oviposition

3. incubation

4. hatch

5. imprinting

6. fledging

placenta: a specialized _____ organ attached to the _____ _____

1. embryonic

2. uterus wall

three stages of labor

• _____, _____ of allanto-chorion

• delivery of _____

• delivery of _____

** last two stages _____ in litter bearing species

1. contraction, rupture

2. fetus

3. placenta

4. repeat

sequence of egg laying

• _____ or less

• _____ _____ _____ or activity

• _____

• timing of _____

1. daily

2. pre-oviposition pacing

3. oviposition

4. incubation

placentophagy (placentophagia): the postpartum ingestion of the _____

• common in _____ species

  • exceptions: _____ & _____ _____

• reasons:

  • to keep nest _____

  • _____ value to mother

  • removal of source of _____ for predators

1. placenta

2. mammalian

3. camels & aquatic species

4. clean

5. nutritive

6. attraction

placental mammals all bear _____ _____ which are nourished _____ _____ in mother’s uterus through the _____

1. live young

2. before birth

3. placenta

marsupial placenta: is very _____-_____ & does not make as much of a contribution to _____ _____; it is _____ rather than delivered

1. short-lived

2. fetal nourishment

3. reabsorbed

the blue-footed booby lacks a _____ _____, so they use their _____ to keep the eggs warm

1. brooding patch

2. feet

supernormal stimulus: a stimulus that produces a more _____ _____ than a normal stimulus

• female herring gull was given 2 _____ _____, one accurately sized & one much _____; she tried to incubate the _____ egg instead of the _____

1. vigorous response

2. wooden eggs

3. larger

4. larger

5. normal

prairie dogs create a _____; when completed it will be quite _____ & have several _____ & several _____/_____

1. burrow

2. elaborate

3. chambers

4. entrances/exits

killdeer are known for their ability to _____ _____ to distract predators from their nests

feign injury

male & female green wood-peckers _____ incubation & feeding duties for their young, who are housed in a _____-_____ _____

1. share

2. hollowed-out tree

the harvest mouse makes a nest of _____

grasses

squirrels make nests that somewhat resemble that of _____; inside is lined with _____ _____, _____ _____, _____, _____, or other available materials

drey: a nest of _____ in the _____ branches of a tree

1. birds

2. dry grass

3. shredded bark

4. moss

5. feathers

6. twigs

7. upper

armadillos

• unique among mammals

  • possess the productive trait of monozygotic polyembryony: offspring are genetically _____ due to division of a single fertilized egg into _____ _____ embryos

• young are born in the _____ _____ (_____) - leathery skin that hardens into the _____-_____ covering of _____ & _____

1. identical

2. 4 matching

3. nest chamber (burrow)

4. armor-like

5. plates & scales

carrion crows are noted for ability to _____

• one was observed to steal a _____ _____ from the trash to make a nest

1. scrounge

2. clothing hanger

the bare-headed rock fowl makes a nest of _____

mud

flamingos makes nests with _____ _____ because it can dry & form a _____ keeping the egg safe

1. damp mud

2. mound

the grosbeak weaver weaves intricate, tidy nests with _____ _____ shredded from a specific type of _____; _____ does most of the weaving, offering the finished product as a means of attracting a _____

1. thin fibers

2. grass

3. males

4. female

the african hamerkop constructs a nest that can support the weight of an _____ _____

adult man

the indian tailor bird pierces _____ in leaf edges & _____ them together using _____ _____ as thread

1. holes

2. stitches

3. spider silk

misdirected parental care can be _____ - waste of _____, reduces _____

parental recognition appears to have evolved in species in which _____ of _____ _____ is frequent

1. costly

2. energy

3. fitness

4. mixing

5. unrelated offspring

in sheep, the onset of maternal responsiveness & development of mutual _____-_____ bond are under the combined influence of _____ & _____ _____ _____

1. mother-young

2. hormonal & visceral somatosensory stimulations

lab strains of male mice can recognize offspring as adults if _____ _____ to _____ with _____ _____; requires _____-_____ _____ _____ in the males olfactory bulb & hippocampus

1. given chance

2. interact

3. infant pups

4. prolactin-mediated adult neurogenesis

newly hatched songbirds are _____ but will respond to a hand (parent) _____ on the _____ of the _____ & gape directly _____

• after _____ _____ they can see well enough to respond to the hand but still _____ _____

• after a few more _____, they overcome instinct & begin to _____ towards stimulus

1. blind

2. landing

3. edge

4. nest

5. up

6. one week

7. gape up

8. days

9. orient

the parrot finch newborns have _____ _____ _____ in the mouth that provide a stimulus for the _____ to regurgitate & feed

1. four metallic spots

2. mother

baby pelicans consume _____ _____ _____ from the mother after _____

1. body temperature food

2. begging

dingo pups that are _____ & _____ can still induce the mother to _____ food for him by _____

1. older & larger

2. regurgitate

3. begging