hate this frogging crud

should've dropped :(

polypeptides

make up proteins, catalyze biochemical reactions

nucleic acids

genetic info (DNA) and protein production (RNA)

lipids

structural (membrane)

polysaccharides

structure and energy storage

transcription

DNA→RNA

translation

RNA→ proteins

van leuwenhoek

observed “animalcules”, spontaneous generation theory

redi

no maggots in covered meat yum

spallanzani

boiled broth lasts longer

pasteur

germ theory (microorganisms cause diseases)

spherical

cocci

spiral

spirillum

rod shaped

bacillus

comma

vibrio

pleiomorphic

no distinct shape

size of bacteria

0.5-5 micro meters

nucleoid

in bacterial cell, composed of DNA, RNA, proteins; info storage and gene expression

chromosome packaging proteins

protection and packaging of dna

Enzymes involved in DNA and RNA synthesis

made of proteins; control replication, transcription, translation

regulatory factors

made of protein and rna; control replication, transcription, translation

ribosomes

made of protein and rna, translation (protein synthesis)

plasmids

non-chromosomal DNA

Enzymes involved in breaking down substrates

made of protein; energy production, anabolic precurors

inclusion bodies

made of various polymers; stores C, N, S, P

gas vesicles

made of protein; bouyancy

magnetosomes

made of protein, lipids, iron; orienting cell movement

FtsZ

polymerizes into filaments, bundles into z ring, helps with cell wall synthesis, contracts cell envelope inward

MreB

polymerizes into filaments that stretch out cell, elongation for division

ParM

polymerizes into filaments; pull copies of plasmids to opposite sides during division

G+ bacterial cell wall structure

pentaglycine peptide interbridge, much thicker cell wall, teichoic and lipoteichoic acids

G- bacterial cell wall structure

4^th amino acid of NAM attached to 3^rd of other NAM, peptide crosslink between D-ala and DAP: meso-diaminopimelic amino acid. much thinner peptidoglycan layer

teichoic acids

in cell wall of G+, induce inflammatory response

lipoteichoic acids

teichoic acids anchored in PM

lysozyme

cleaves B-1,4-glycosidic bond between NAM and NAG

lysostaphin

in stapphyloccocus, cuts pentaglycine crossbridge (G+ only)

stalk

adherence molecules, stick to surfaces,tubular extensions of cell envelope, surface array for nutrients to enter

capsules

thick layer of polysaccharides surrounding cell

nucleus

double membrane with pores, contains genetic information, outer membrane continuous with ER

endoplamsic reticulum

protein translation and folding; has protein synthesizing ribosomes attached

golgi apparatus

modifies, sorts, transports proteins, connected to ER thru vesicles

mitochondria

energy production. double membrane, contains dna, replicates independently, not present in all

chloroplasts

produces energy thru photosynthesis. double membrane, contains dna, replicates independently, not present in all

plasma membraine

phospholipid bilayer, helps with homeostasis, transfer of molecules in and out of cell, selectively permeable

ciliae

movement, small flagella

microtubules

maintain cell shape, movement of chromosomes during division, cell movement

microfilaments

makes division furrow during division, cell shape, movement

intermediate filaments

nuclear structure, cell-cell interactions

algae cell wall

cellulose

fungi cell wall

chitin

components of archaea pm

glycerol-1-phosphate, ether linkage, phytanyl, phosphoglycerol

archaea cell wall

pseudomurien. NAT and NAM. B-1,3-glycosidic bond. L amino acids.

s-layer

layer of identical, armorlike subunits that link for protection and adhesion

cannulae

hollow glycoprotein cells, link cells to form network

archaea flagella

only in some, diff proteins than bacteria, grow base to tip

traumaarchaeota

mesophiles/psycrhophiles

mesophiles

15-40 C, traumaarchaeota

psychrophiles

<15 C. traumaarchaeota

crenarchaeota

acidophiles, barophiles, thermophiles, hyperthermophiles

acidophiles

like low ph

barophiles

like high pressure

euryarchaeota

methanogens, anaerobic, gut and swamp

methanogens

produce methane, anaerobic, gut and swamp

proposed archae phyla

korarchaeota, nanoarchaeota 

capsomeres

make up capsids. each consist of 1+ polypeptide

capsid

ring of protein around archaea genetic material, made of symmetrically arranged capsomeres

virions

individual capsomeres interact with genetic material and with each other, form helix

lytic

way to study bacteriophages, enters cell, replicates in it, and bursts it

lysogenic

integrates genome into host’s genome, it’s genome gets replicated with host’s (becomes prophage)

endospore

g+ bacteria can form. protective shell with additional layer of protein, compressed dna, survival mechanism, metabolically inert, thicker envelope. develops in cell and leaves

autotransporter

catalyze their own transport out of periplasm (in G- only)

type III secretion system

syringe like proteins in the inner membrane of G- that transport proteins out of cell. these transported proteins never enter periplasm.

porins

in OM of G-. small holes that small, nonpolar molecules can pass through

tonB

high affinity active transporter in G-. consists of exbBD proteins in PM, tonB dependent receptor in OM, and tonB connecting them. uses energy from PMF from H+ gradient across pm

biofilm

cells come together into protective community. some secret eDNA, polsaccharides, and proteins to help them stick together

surface arrays

armor like, crystalline layer of protein that protects cells from immune system or bacteriophages. takes a lot of energy to synthesize.

hyphae

branching filaments from bacteria cells

mycelia

3 dimensional networks of hyphae

trichomes

smooth, unbranched chains of cells

carboxysomes

location of carbon fixation reactions in cyanobacteria

lysosomes

digestion of macromolecules

peroxisome

breakdown of fatty acids

hydrogenosome

H2 and ATP production

vacuole

storage and strucutre