Chapter 2 Microbiology

What is spontaneous generation?

that life raises from nonliving matter

What was John Needham’s experiment

spontaneous generation

What was needham’s hypothesis

microorganisms come into existence spontaneously from clear air

How did pasteur disprove Needham using the heated air experiment? 

he heated the broth

What was pasteur’s swan neck flask experiment?

he created a flask with a longer neck this time then after many days he broke the neck of the flask to allow microorganisms inside

What is the Germ theory of disease

Microorganisms are capable of living in the body and can cause illness

What was pasteur’s yeast experiment?

Why does wine go bad?

What are the steps to the yeast experiment?

heated grape juice with yeast to remove the yeast plugged it with cotton then poured it back in to create wine.

What was pasteur’s conclusion from the yeast experiment?

yeast was not just present it was necessary for fermentation

What was the thought behind the bacteria experiment?

Could microbes cause disease too

what are the steps to pasteurs bacteria experiment?

grape juice with bacteria was heated then yeast was added to create wine the a cotton was used to store it.

what was pasteur’s conclusion from the bacteria experiment?

It wasn’t just yeast that could change liquids bacteria could spoil wine

What are kochs postulates?

Repeatable method o detect causes of disease

What disease was killing the cows that Koch observed?

mad cow disease

what was he first step in koch’s experiment?

find a suspect 

what was the second step in kochs experiment

isolate the disease

what was the fourth step in kochs experiment

inject it into a healthy mouse

How did Koch confirm his observation

repeating his test

What is the metric system?

The universal science language

why is measurement important in biology?

Understanding life at its smallest form is key 

How long is a centimeter

1.5 inches

How long Is a millimeter?

length of millimeters

How long is a micrometer?

width of epithelial cell

how long is nanometer

width of cell membrane

How are measurements used in biotechnology?

in micrometers and nanometers range

what are eukaryotic cells used for in biotechnology?

for stem cell research and developing cancer treatments

what is a nucleus?

holds DNA in organized strands (chromosomes)

What is the mitochondria?

ATP

what are ribosomes?

proteins

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

move proteins around

what is the golgi apparatus?

packages proteins 

What are lysosomes?

digest unwanted stuff

what are the key features of prokaryotic cells?

no nucleus, DNA, circular 

How are prokaryotic cells use in biotechnology?

design genetic antibiotics, producing insulin and human growth enzyme

What are viruses?

DNA or RNA made of nucleic acid or inside a protein shell

How are viruses used in biotechnology?

used in gene therapy  to deliver connected genes

What is algae?

like cyanobacteria but eukaryotes ( more complex cells)

How are algae used in biotechnology

Used as renewable energy sources

what is protozoa?

single celled ,complex some cause disease

How are protozoa used n Biotechnology?

engineering, clean environmental, make food

what are cyanobacteria?

blue green algae

How is cyanobacteria used in biotechnology?

biofuel production, engineered fixed nitrogen for substation farming

what are fungi?

single celled

How is fungi used in biotechnology?

antibiotics and fermentation

what is bacillus?

rod shaped bacteria

what is coccus 

spherical bacteria  

what is staphylococcus?

round shape bacteria

what spiral?

?

How do spirochete move?

flagella for propelltion

what does bacterial shape matter?

it makes it easier to differentiate

why does biotechnology care about the shape of bacteria

it allows us to tell them apart

what is the flagella?

the tail of a prokaryote 

what is the cell wall

surronds the cell

what is the cytoplasm

the liquid surrounding a cell

what is the plasma membrane 

the membrane around the cell 

what are plasmids

small circular dna

what are nucleoids

prokaryote genetic material 

what are pilli

cell hairs for movement

how are bacterial structures targeted in biotechnology

cell wall, plasmids membrane , flagella

what is a cell envelope 

protective outter layer 

what is the capsule

protective layer for bacteria to survive

what are the functions of a cell capusle

protects them from drying out and hiding them from the immune system

what is the cell wall made of 

peptidoglycan

what is peptidoglycan

sugars and amino acids

describe the peptidoglycan layer on gram-negative bacteria

thin and located between the inner membrane and outer

descirbe the peptidoglycan layer on gram-positive bacteria

thicker and outside

what is the cell membrane made up of

phospholipids bilayer

what do proteins on the cell membrane do

protection and transport ?

why does bacteria need to be stained

to identify the shapes and type

describe the simple strain technique

controlled pressure to force biological samples

describe the negative strain technique

stretching or pulled force to cells or tissues

what are the steps for gram-staining

prepare, smear violet, add iodine, rinse,again, decolorize, rinse,counterstain safranin, rinse , and observe

how is gram staining used in biotechnology 

?

what are the two ways life propagates itself

asexul and sexual reproduction

what is binary fission

how bacteria reproduce

what happens during the growth phase 

the bacteria copies itself 

what happens during DNA replication

bacteria transfers info and replicates

what happens during organelle reproduction and cytoplasm in division

the nucleus is divided into too parts

what happens during membrane pinching

the bacteria cell is becoming 2

what happens in cell division 

bacteria creates two separate daughter cells 

what does generation time mean

how long each process takes

why do bacteria form spores

to protect the bacterial information from being destroyed

what triggers spores formation 

harsh environmental conditions 

what happens during the DNA preparation state of spore formation

the bacteria moves its inforkmation towards the spore

what happens when the spore septum is formed

it starts to develop layers

what happens when the core wall forms 

the spore is complete and protected 

what happens when the cortex developed

its last protection wall is done

what is the exosporium

thinest layer of protection on the spore

why  are bacterial spores important in biotechnology 

it helps us understand that bacteria can evolve ?

what are two ways bacteria get nutrients

autotrophy and heterotrophy

what is autotrophy

produce own food

what is heterotrophy

getting food from others

how are autotrophic bacteria used in biotechnology

vitamins, enzymes and bioplastics

how do autotrophs create their own food 

by converting carbon dioxide and inorganic substances into useful products 

what are saprobes

fungi

what are parasites

invasive bacteria that latch on to you ?

what do heterotrophs eat 

organic compounds made by others 

how are heterotrophs used in biotechnology

antibiotics , enzymes vitamins and biofuels

what are obligate anaerobes?

cannot survive in presence in oxygen

what are microphilies

?