Chapter 1: What is Biotechnology?
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52 Terms
What is the definition of biotechnology?
A fusion of biology and technology
What are three traditional biotechnology products?
Yogurt, bread, and cheese
What are two examples of modern biotechnology products?
Therapeutic drugs and enzymes in laundry detergent
When did the modern biotechnology industry begin?
Around 1970’s
When did early humans begin selectively breeding plants and livestock?
8000 BC
When was wine first invented?
4000 BC
Who developed brewing and cheesemaking? When?
Sumerians and Egyptians in 2000 BC
What was the first antibiotic used? Which culture? When?
Moldy soybean by the Chinese in 500 BC
Who developed the first smallpox vaccine? When?
Edward developed the first smallpox vaccine in 1796
Who discovered proteins?
Joñs Jakob Berzelius
When was the Origin of Species published?
1859
When was pasteurization first developed?
1861
When did Mendel establish the principles of genetics?
1865
Who developed the first rabies vaccine? When?
Louis Pasteur in 1885
When did the term “biotechnology” first appear in print?
1919
Who discovered penicillin? When?
Alexander Fleming in 1929
Who discovered DNA as the carrier of genetics information?
Oswald Avery in 1943
When was the double-helix structure of DNA discovered?
1953
When was mRNA discovered?
1961
When was the gene first completely synthesized?
1971
When was recombinant insulin produced? By which company?
1977 by Genenteen
When was DNA fingerprinting first used?
1984
When were the first genetically modified tobacco plants grown?
1986
When was the HUman Genome Project first launched?
1990
What was the first cloned mammal? When?
Dolly the sheep in 1997
When was Golden Rice first developed?
1999
When was the Human Genome Project completed?
2003
When was the first HPV vaccine approved?
2008
When was the first self-replicating bacterial cell created?
2010
When was CRISPR-CAS9 used for gene editing?
2012
When were mRNA vaccines first used?
2021
What are the different sectors in biotechnology?
Research, healthcare, agriculture, manufacturing
What are key techniques in biotechnology?
molecular biology, cell biology, genetic engineering
What is the ethical consideration around biotechnology?
safety and long-term affects
What are tools in biotechnology?
Whole cells, DNA, RNA, and proteins
What are two key instruments in biotechnology?
Spectrophotometers and PCR machines
What is chromatography?
sorting of substances
What is a gene transfer?
delivery
What is protein purification?
final product
What is a spectrophotometer?
measure absorbance of light
What is PCR?
amplification of DNA
What are the key concepts behind using biotechnology in national defense?
Rapid identifications, vaccines, and stockpiling therapeutics
Which company was the founding biotechnology company? What was their first product?
Genentech
What is the difference between biotech and pharmaceutical industries?
Biotech is biological drugs and pharmaceutical is chemical drugs
Who are the key users of biotechnology?
Healthcare, agriculture, forensic, and national defense
What is genomics?
the entire genome
What is proteomics?
all organism with protein expression
What is precision medicine?
targeted therapies based on genetic profile
What happens during the drug discovery phase of drug development?
lab animal testing
What happens during phase I of clinical trials?
testing of safety
What happens during phase II of clinical trials?
testing effectiveness
What happens during phase III of clinical trials?
confirmation of results