Chapter 1: What is Biotechnology?

What is the definition of biotechnology?

A fusion of biology and technology

What are three traditional biotechnology products?

Yogurt, bread, and cheese

What are two examples of modern biotechnology products?

Therapeutic drugs and enzymes in laundry detergent

When did the modern biotechnology industry begin?

Around 1970’s

When did early humans begin selectively breeding plants and livestock?

8000 BC

When was wine first invented?

4000 BC

Who developed brewing and cheesemaking? When?

Sumerians and Egyptians in 2000 BC

What was the first antibiotic used? Which culture? When?

Moldy soybean by the Chinese in 500 BC

Who developed the first smallpox vaccine? When?

Edward developed the first smallpox vaccine in 1796

Who discovered proteins?

Joñs Jakob Berzelius

When was the Origin of Species published?

1859

When was pasteurization first developed?

1861

When did Mendel establish the principles of genetics?

1865

Who developed the first rabies vaccine? When?

Louis Pasteur in 1885

When did the term “biotechnology” first appear in print?

1919

Who discovered penicillin? When?

Alexander Fleming in 1929

Who discovered DNA as the carrier of genetics information?

Oswald Avery in 1943

When was the double-helix structure of DNA discovered?

1953

When was mRNA discovered?

1961

When was the gene first completely synthesized?

1971

When was recombinant insulin produced? By which company?

1977 by Genenteen

When was DNA fingerprinting first used?

1984

When were the first genetically modified tobacco plants grown?

1986

When was the HUman Genome Project first launched?

1990

What was the first cloned mammal? When?

Dolly the sheep in 1997

When was Golden Rice first developed?

1999

When was the Human Genome Project completed?

2003

When was the first HPV vaccine approved?

2008

When was the first self-replicating bacterial cell created?

2010

When was CRISPR-CAS9 used for gene editing?

2012

When were mRNA vaccines first used?

2021

What are the different sectors in biotechnology?

Research, healthcare, agriculture, manufacturing

What are key techniques in biotechnology?

molecular biology, cell biology, genetic engineering

What is the ethical consideration around biotechnology?

safety and long-term affects

What are tools in biotechnology?

Whole cells, DNA, RNA, and proteins

What are two key instruments in biotechnology?

Spectrophotometers and PCR machines

What is chromatography?

sorting of substances

What is a gene transfer?

delivery

What is protein purification?

final product

What is a spectrophotometer?

measure absorbance of light

What is PCR?

amplification of DNA

What are the key concepts behind using biotechnology in national defense?

Rapid identifications, vaccines, and stockpiling therapeutics

Which company was the founding biotechnology company? What was their first product?

Genentech

What is the difference between biotech and pharmaceutical industries?

Biotech is biological drugs and pharmaceutical is chemical drugs

Who are the key users of biotechnology?

Healthcare, agriculture, forensic, and national defense

What is genomics?

the entire genome

What is proteomics?

all organism with protein expression

What is precision medicine?

targeted therapies based on genetic profile

What happens during the drug discovery phase of drug development?

lab animal testing

What happens during phase I of clinical trials?

testing of safety

What happens during phase II of clinical trials?

testing effectiveness

What happens during phase III of clinical trials?

confirmation of results

What are the four common hazards in a lab?

Chemical, biological, physical, and fire related

What does OSHA recommend to ensure safety?

training, PPE, procedural awareness

What must initial and recurring training cover?

equipment location, safe handling, and emergency responses

What is PPE?

Personal protection equipment

When should PPE be worn?

at all times

What is eye protection?

goggles, splash guards, UV face shields

What is hand protection?

latex/nitrile gloves based on hazard

What are body/foot protection?

lab coats, closed-toe shoes required

What is MSDS?

Instruction manual for each chemical

When should fume hoods be used?

to ventilate harmful vapors

What are Biosafety levels?

The categorization of Labs by hazard

What is BSL 1?

non-disease causing agents (non-pathogens)

What is BSL 2?

Human samples

What is BSL 3 & BSL 4?

High level pathogens

How should microorganisms be disposed?

Autoclaves or 10% bleach solution

What tools measure volume?

Graduated cylinder, volumated flask, and pipettes

What tools measure mass?

Analytical balances

What is normal body temperature?

37 degrees celsius

What is normal room temperature?

22 degrees celsius

What are pH meters?

used to measure pH

How should glassware be cleaned?

Autoclaves 15-20 PSI for 15 minutes or 10% bleach solution for 15 minutes

What is an autoclave?

Pressurized steam to penetrate and denature proteins

What are the different methods for disinfection?

Autoclave, 10% bleach solution, 70% ethanol solution, and UV light

What is the purpose of a lab notebook?

record purpose, method, results, and conclusion and intellectual property

What are SI units?

grams, liters, degrees celsius

What is the dilution formula?

C1V1=C2V2

What are some examples of microbes being used in food products?

Pickles, sausage, bread

How do microbes break down organic waste?

by living in plants roots

How are microbes used in dairy products?

yogurt, cheese, dairy

How are microbes used in health care?

genetic engineering, human

What are pathogens?

bad bacteria

What is anabolism?

Building

What is catabolism?

breaking down

Where does metabolism happen in bacteria?

cytoplasm, cell membrane

What is fermentation?

How cells make energy without oxygen

What are the end products of fermentation?

bread, cheese, yogurt, perfume, beer

What is glucose?

sugar

What is oxidation?

Loss of electrons

What is reduction?

Gain of electrons

What happens when glucose is oxidized?

formation of carbon dioxide and water

What is glycolysis?

The break down of glucose into pyruvate

What happens to pyruvate in the presence of oxygen?

enters kreb cycle and ETC

What does fermentation begin with?

Pyruvate

What is lactic acid fermentation?

for yogurt, cheese, and bread

What is alcoholic fermentation?

for perfume and beer

Why is fermentation important?

preserves food, enhances flavor, etc

What is milk rich in?

proteins, sugars, fats, minerals

What pathogens can be found in milk?

E.coli, salmonella, Campylobacter, Rucella