IPHY 2400 Final Exam good

Urology

the medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system

ur/o

urinary system; urine

-logy

study of

Urinary (Genitourinary) System

the function of the urinary system is to remove waste products of cellular metabolism from the blood by producing, transporting, storing, and excreting urine.

ureter

a 12 inch tube that connects the kidney to the urinary bladder.

urethra

drains the bladder

Glomerulonephritis

An infection and inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney. This disease occurs when there is a complication of acute viral or streptococcal infection when antibody complexes clog the pores of capillaries

glomerulus/o-

glomerulus

nephr/o

kidney (n)

-itis

infection or inflammation of

hydronephrosis

condition which urine distends the renal pelvis and calices or ureter. This occurs when a there is a block in the flow of urine.

Nephrolithiasis

Formation of kidney stone in the urinary system. Causes severe pain due to stone rubbing on the inside of the muscle.

lith/o-

stone

-iasis

process or state

nephropathy

any disease of the kidney

nephroptosis

abnormally low position of a kidney

-ptosis

state of dropping

polycystic kidney disease

hereditary disease characterized by cysts in the kidney. Growth of cysts can destroy the phonos and cause kidney failure

pyelonephritis

infection and inflammation of the renal pelvis of the kidney; caused by bacteria that travel upward from the bladder.

pyel/o-

renal pelvis

renal cell cancer

a cancerous tumor that starts in the epithelial cells in the tubules of the nephron

renal failure

disease where urine production decreases and at times may even stop

acute kidney injury (AKI)

occurs suddenly and is usually caused by blood loss or an infection. A type of renal failure

Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

occurs gradually, with renal insufficiency progressing to renal failure.

Uremia

Condition in which there is excessive buildup of urea in the blood due to renal failure.

Urinary tract infection (UTI)

Bacterial infection somewhere in the urinary tract; typically involves E. coli that have traveled from the rectum into the urethra

cyst/o

bladder. more commonly used when talking about a bladder disease

vesic/o-

bladder (v-)

vesical NOT vesicle

bladder (v)

bladder cancer

presence of tumor in the epithelial cells of the bladder

cystitis

infection of bladder due to bacterial infection

cystocele

hernia in which the bladder bulges through a weakness in the muscular wall of the vagina or rectum, causing retention of urine inside the hernia

-cele

hernia

neurogenic bladder

condition where nerves to the bladder are not working correctly, causing urinary retention

neur/o-

nerve

gen/o-

arising from

overactive bladder

condition which the bladder had too many involuntary contractions, resulting in urge incontinence

urinary retention

inability to empty bladder

vesicovaginal fistula

abnormal passageway connecting the bladder to the vagina. Leaking from vagina

vagin/o- or colp/o-

vagina

internal urethral sphincter

under the involuntary control

external urethral sphincter

is under voluntary control. Ability to hold a piss

incontinence

inability to voluntarily hold urine

stress urinary incontinence(SUI)

is caused by weak pelvic floor muscles

in-

not

continue/o-

hold together

-ence

state

urethritis

infection or inflammation of the urethra

albuminuria

presence of album in the urine; also called proteinuria

anuria

complete absence of the urine production

an-

without

bacteriuria

presence of bacteria in the urine

dysuria

difficult of painful urination

dys/o-

abnormal, difficult, painful

enuresis

involuntary release of urine

enur/o-

urinate

frequency

urinating often, usually in small amount

glycosuria

presence of glucose in the urine; associated with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

glycol/o

glucose

hematuria

blood in the urine; may be gross/frank or microscopic

hesitancy

inability to initiate a normal stream of urine, with dribbling and a decrease in the width of the urinary stream

ketonuria

presence of ketones in the urine; occurs when the body metabolizes fat rather than glucose. Common with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

nocturia

increased frequency and urgency of urination at night

noct/o-

night

oliguria

decreased or scanty production of urine due to kidney failure or dehydration

polyuria

excessive urine production; common symptom of diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus

pyuria

presence of white blood cells or pus in the urine. normally a UTI

py/o-

pus

urgency

strong urge to urinate

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

blood test that measure the amount of urea in the blood. high levels indicates the kidneys are not properly working

Liver produces ammonia which has nitrogen

Nitrogen then combines with other elements to form urea

Creatinine

blood test that measure the amount of creatinine in blood

culture and sensitivity (C&S)

test in which a urine sample is swabbed onto a culture medium so that any bacteria present can be identified

drug screening

test to show if any illegal or legal drugs where used.

leukocyte esterase

quick urine dipstick test that detects enzyme esterase, which is associated with the white blood cells that are present with a UTI

Urinalysis (UA)

Urine test that describes the general characteristics of a patients urine and detects substances in it

Looks at: color, odor, pH, gravity, etc.

albumin

finding albumin in the urine indicates damage to the glomerulus

glucose in urine

it is abnormal to find and indicates uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

ketones in urine

abnormal to find and suggests uncontrolled diabetes mellitus or malnutrition

sediment in urine

crystals can form kidney stones

Epithelial cells are normal to find because they are continually shed in the urinary tract

Specific gravity (SG,sp gr)

measurement of the concentration on urine compared to that of water

Intravenous pyelography (IVP)

radiologic procedure that uses x-rays and contrast dye to visualize the urinary system

Kidneys, ureters,bladder (KUB) x-ray

x-ray of the kidney, ureters, and bladder. the x-ray only shows those structures without using any dye

renal angiography

procedure that uses x-rays and radiopaque contrast dye to produce images of the renal artery

Viking cystourethropgraphy (VCUG)

procedure in which contrast dye is inserted into the bladder using a catheter. outline the bladder and urethra, taking an x-ray while the patient is pissing

catheterization

insertion of a flexible tube through the urethra and into the bladder to drain urine

dialysis

procedure to remove waste from blood

hemodialysis

this procedure uses two tubes one removing the waste blood and putting into the dialysis machine for purification which the other needle return the blood to the body

dia-

complete

-lysis

breakdown

Intake and output (I&O)

process of collecting a patients urine for testing in the office or medical laboratory

antispasmodics

relax smooth muscle In the walls of the urinary trace to treat cystitis or overactive bladder

diuretics

block sodium reabsorption in the kidney which decreases blood and volume and increases urine volume

overactive bladder drugs

decrease contractions of smooth muscle in the bladder

potassium supplements

replace potassium that is lost when taking diuretic drugs

urinary analgesics

relieve pain in the muscosa of the urinary trec5t

bladder neck suspension

procedure to correct stress urinary incontience; involves insertion of supportive sling of muscle tissue or synthetic mesh around the bladder neck and urethra

cystectomy

surgical removal of the bladder; used in the treatment of bladder cancer

cystoscopy

use of an instrument called a cystoscope to examine the inside of the bladder

lithotripsy

procedure of using sound waves to break up a kidney stone