U1, L5 A&P232

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The limbic system is responsible for

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1

The limbic system is responsible for

emotions, cognition, and memory

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2

the limbic system includes

  • amygdala

  • hippocampus

  • cingulate nucleus

  • olfactory bulb

  • cortex

  • (Avery Henson Called Old Conner)

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3

The limbic system interacts with

the prefrontal lobes, which means that you can react emotionally to conscious understanding.

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4

Cingulate gyrus plays a role in

expressing emotions via gestures and resolves mental  conflict.

<p>expressing emotions via gestures and resolves mental  conflict.</p>
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5

Amygdala

deals with anger, danger, and fear responses.

<p>deals with anger, danger, and fear responses.</p>
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6

Hippocampus converts

new information into long‐term memories

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7

Structures especially important in emotions are the

amygdala and the cingulate gyrus.

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8

The reticular formation consists of

  • several nuclei in the brainstem

  • well developed connections with the hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum, and spinal cord.

  • (Help The Crazy Sister)

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9

Functions of reticular formation include

  • The RAS (reticular activating system) sends impulses to the cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert and filters out repetitive and weak stimuli.

  • Motor function: the reticular formation helps control gross motor movements and regulates visceral motor functions (vasomotor, cardiac, and respiratory) centers via  autonomic centers.

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10

Consciousness involves

simultaneous activity of large areas of the cerebral cortex.

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11

Consciousness encompasses

perception of sensation, voluntary initiation, control of  movement, and higher mental processing

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12

Degrees of clinical consciousness are

  • alertness

  • drowsiness

  • stupor

  • coma

  • (Can Anthony Draw Shakira)

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13

Normal brain function involves

continuous electrical activity

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14

what tracks electrical activity in the brain

  • electroencephalogram  (EEG)

  • measures with action potentials

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15

Recorded patterns of neuronal electrical activity are called

brain waves

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16

Brain waves change with

  • age

  • sensory stimuli

  • brain disease

  • chemical state of the body

  • (And So Ben Cried)

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17

EEGs can be used to

diagnose and localize brain lesions, tumors, infarctions,  infections, abscesses, and epileptic lesions.

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18

Memory is

the storage and retrieval of information

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19

The two categories of memory are

  • declarative (fact)

  • non‐declarative (skill, motor and emotional) memory.

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20

Fact memory (declarative) (what does it do?)

  • entails learning explicit information (dates, facts, etc.).

  • related to our conscious thoughts and our language ability

  • stored with the context in which it was learned.

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21

two stages to the declarative memory

  • short term memory

  • long term memory

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22

short term memory (STM, or working memory)

  • a fleeting memory of the  events that continually happen.

  • It lasts seconds to hours and is limited to 7 or 8  pieces of information.

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23

long term memory (LTM)

  • has a limitless capacity.

  • Although the mechanisms are not fully understood, Long‐term potentiation is involved

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24

Working memory is

  • temporary “register” for information while it is being used.

  • a memory (could be STM or LTM) that is retrieved to complete an ongoing task.

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25

STM are converted into LTM by

hippocampus

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26

Factors that affect transfer of  memory from STM to LTM include

  • Emotional state

  • Rehearsal

  • Association

  • Automatic memory

  • (Eat Regularly Alright Anna)

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27

Non‐ declarative memory (what is it)

  • is less conscious and does not retain the context in which  it was learned

  • Instead it is best remembered by doing

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28

Categories of non‐ declarative memory include

  • Procedural (skill) – play piano (corpus striatum)

  • Motor – ride a bike (cerebellum)

  • Emotional (amygdala)

  • (Please ME)

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29

There are two major types of sleep

  • Non‐Rapid Eye Movement (NREM)

  • Rapid Eye  Movement (REM).

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30

A person passes through four stages of NREM during the first

  • 30‐45  minutes of sleep.

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31

A typical sleep pattern alternates between

  • REM and NREM sleep with cycles being more  REM dependent

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32

REM sleep occurs after

  • the fourth NREM stage has been achieved

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33

Non‐REM sleep is

  • a quiet sleep time

  • muscles relax, but maintain some tone

  • breathing and heart rate is slow and regular

  • consumption of energy by the brain is  minimal.

  • EEG shows high voltage (synchronized) waves are generated

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34

In REM (rapid eye movement) phase

  • postural muscles relaxed,

  • breathing and heart  rate are irregular

  • Brain metabolism exceeds levels seen when the subject is awake.

  • EEG shows low voltage fast irregular waves similar to awake state

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35

Dreaming mostly occurs during

REM and last stages of Non‐REM sleep

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