U1, L5 A&P232

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35 Terms

1
The limbic system is responsible for
emotions, cognition, and memory
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2
the limbic system includes
  • amygdala

  • hippocampus

  • cingulate nucleus

  • olfactory bulb

  • cortex

  • (Avery Henson Called Old Conner)

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3
The limbic system interacts with
the prefrontal lobes, which means that you can react emotionally to conscious understanding. 
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4
Cingulate gyrus plays a role in
 expressing emotions via gestures and resolves mental  conflict.
 expressing emotions via gestures and resolves mental  conflict.
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5
Amygdala 
deals with anger, danger, and fear responses.
deals with anger, danger, and fear responses.
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6
Hippocampus converts
new information into long‐term memories
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7
Structures especially important in emotions are the 
amygdala and the cingulate gyrus.
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8
The reticular formation consists of 
  • several nuclei in the brainstem

  • well developed connections with the hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum, and spinal cord.

  • (Help The Crazy Sister)

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9
Functions of reticular formation include
  • The RAS (reticular activating system) sends impulses to the cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert and filters out repetitive and weak stimuli.

  • Motor function: the reticular formation helps control gross motor movements and regulates visceral motor functions (vasomotor, cardiac, and respiratory) centers via  autonomic centers.

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10
Consciousness involves
 simultaneous activity of large areas of the cerebral cortex. 
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11
Consciousness encompasses
 perception of sensation, voluntary initiation, control of  movement, and higher mental processing
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12
Degrees of clinical consciousness are 
  • alertness

  • drowsiness

  • stupor

  • coma

  • (Can Anthony Draw Shakira)

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13
Normal brain function involves
continuous electrical activity
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14
what tracks electrical activity in the brain
  • electroencephalogram  (EEG)

  • measures with action potentials

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15
Recorded patterns of neuronal electrical activity are called 
brain waves
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16
Brain waves change with
  • age

  • sensory stimuli

  • brain disease

  • chemical state of the body

  • (And So Ben Cried)

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17
EEGs can be used to 
diagnose and localize brain lesions, tumors, infarctions,  infections, abscesses, and epileptic lesions. 
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18
Memory is
 the storage and retrieval of information
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19
The two categories of memory are 
  • declarative (fact)

  • non‐declarative (skill, motor and emotional) memory.

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20
Fact memory (declarative) (what does it do?)
  • entails learning explicit information (dates, facts, etc.).

  • related to our conscious thoughts and our language ability

  • stored with the context in which it was learned.

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21
 two stages to the declarative memory
  • short term memory

  • long term memory

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22
short term memory (STM, or working memory)
  • a fleeting memory of the  events that continually happen.

  • It lasts seconds to hours and is limited to 7 or 8  pieces of information.

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23
long term memory (LTM)
  • has a limitless capacity.

  • Although the mechanisms are not fully understood, Long‐term potentiation is involved

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24
Working memory is
  • temporary “register” for information while it is being used.

  • a memory (could be STM or LTM) that is retrieved to complete an ongoing task.

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25
STM are converted into LTM by 
hippocampus
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26
Factors that affect transfer of  memory from STM to LTM include
  • Emotional state

  • Rehearsal

  • Association

  • Automatic memory

  • (Eat Regularly Alright Anna)

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27
Non‐ declarative memory (what is it)
  • is less conscious and does not retain the context in which  it was learned

  • Instead it is best remembered by doing

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28
Categories of non‐ declarative memory include
  • Procedural (skill) – play piano (corpus striatum)

  • Motor – ride a bike (cerebellum)

  • Emotional (amygdala)

  • (Please ME)

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29
There are two major types of sleep
  • Non‐Rapid Eye Movement (NREM)

  • Rapid Eye  Movement (REM).

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30
A person passes through four stages of NREM during the first
* 30‐45  minutes of sleep.  
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31
A typical sleep pattern alternates between
* REM and NREM sleep with cycles being more  REM dependent
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32
REM sleep occurs after 
* the fourth NREM stage has been achieved
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33
Non‐REM sleep is
  • a quiet sleep time

  • muscles relax, but maintain some tone

  • breathing and heart rate is slow and regular

  • consumption of energy by the brain is  minimal.

  • EEG shows high voltage (synchronized) waves are generated

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34
In REM (rapid eye movement) phase 
  • postural muscles relaxed,

  • breathing and heart  rate are irregular

  • Brain metabolism exceeds levels seen when the subject is awake.

  • EEG shows low voltage fast irregular waves similar to awake state

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35
Dreaming mostly occurs during 
REM and last stages of Non‐REM sleep
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