* amygdala * hippocampus * cingulate nucleus * olfactory bulb * cortex * (Avery Henson Called Old Conner)
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The limbic system interacts with
the prefrontal lobes, which means that you can react emotionally to conscious understanding.
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Cingulate gyrus plays a role in
expressing emotions via gestures and resolves mental conflict.
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Amygdala
deals with anger, danger, and fear responses.
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Hippocampus converts
new information into long‐term memories
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Structures especially important in emotions are the
amygdala and the cingulate gyrus.
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The reticular formation consists of
* several nuclei in the brainstem * well developed connections with the hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum, and spinal cord. * (Help The Crazy Sister)
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Functions of reticular formation include
* The RAS (reticular activating system) sends impulses to the cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert and filters out repetitive and weak stimuli. * Motor function: the reticular formation helps control gross motor movements and regulates visceral motor functions (vasomotor, cardiac, and respiratory) centers via autonomic centers.
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Consciousness involves
simultaneous activity of large areas of the cerebral cortex.
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Consciousness encompasses
perception of sensation, voluntary initiation, control of movement, and higher mental processing
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Degrees of clinical consciousness are
* alertness * drowsiness * stupor * coma * (Can Anthony Draw Shakira)
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Normal brain function involves
continuous electrical activity
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what tracks electrical activity in the brain
* electroencephalogram (EEG)
* measures with action potentials
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Recorded patterns of neuronal electrical activity are called
brain waves
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Brain waves change with
* age * sensory stimuli * brain disease * chemical state of the body * (And So Ben Cried)
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EEGs can be used to
diagnose and localize brain lesions, tumors, infarctions, infections, abscesses, and epileptic lesions.
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Memory is
the storage and retrieval of information
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The two categories of memory are
* declarative (fact) * non‐declarative (skill, motor and emotional) memory.
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Fact memory (declarative) (what does it do?)
* entails learning explicit information (dates, facts, etc.). * related to our conscious thoughts and our language ability * stored with the context in which it was learned.
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two stages to the declarative memory
* short term memory * long term memory
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short term memory (STM, or working memory)
* a fleeting memory of the events that continually happen. * It lasts seconds to hours and is limited to 7 or 8 pieces of information.
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long term memory (LTM)
* has a limitless capacity. * Although the mechanisms are not fully understood, Long‐term potentiation is involved
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Working memory is
* temporary “register” for information while it is being used. * a memory (could be STM or LTM) that is retrieved to complete an ongoing task.
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STM are converted into LTM by
hippocampus
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Factors that affect transfer of memory from STM to LTM include
* Emotional state * Rehearsal * Association * Automatic memory * (Eat Regularly Alright Anna)
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Non‐ declarative memory (what is it)
* is less conscious and does not retain the context in which it was learned * Instead it is best remembered by doing
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Categories of non‐ declarative memory include
* Procedural (skill) – play piano (corpus striatum) * Motor – ride a bike (cerebellum) * Emotional (amygdala) * (Please ME)
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There are two major types of sleep
* Non‐Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) * Rapid Eye Movement (REM).
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A person passes through four stages of NREM during the first
* 30‐45 minutes of sleep.
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A typical sleep pattern alternates between
* REM and NREM sleep with cycles being more REM dependent
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REM sleep occurs after
* the fourth NREM stage has been achieved
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Non‐REM sleep is
* a quiet sleep time * muscles relax, but maintain some tone * breathing and heart rate is slow and regular * consumption of energy by the brain is minimal. * EEG shows high voltage (synchronized) waves are generated
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In REM (rapid eye movement) phase
* postural muscles relaxed, * breathing and heart rate are irregular * Brain metabolism exceeds levels seen when the subject is awake. * EEG shows low voltage fast irregular waves similar to awake state