The limbic system is responsible for
emotions, cognition, and memory
the limbic system includes
amygdala
hippocampus
cingulate nucleus
olfactory bulb
cortex
(Avery Henson Called Old Conner)
The limbic system interacts with
the prefrontal lobes, which means that you can react emotionally to conscious understanding.
Cingulate gyrus plays a role in
expressing emotions via gestures and resolves mental conflict.
Amygdala
deals with anger, danger, and fear responses.
Hippocampus converts
new information into long‐term memories
Structures especially important in emotions are the
amygdala and the cingulate gyrus.
The reticular formation consists of
several nuclei in the brainstem
well developed connections with the hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum, and spinal cord.
(Help The Crazy Sister)
Functions of reticular formation include
The RAS (reticular activating system) sends impulses to the cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert and filters out repetitive and weak stimuli.
Motor function: the reticular formation helps control gross motor movements and regulates visceral motor functions (vasomotor, cardiac, and respiratory) centers via autonomic centers.
Consciousness involves
simultaneous activity of large areas of the cerebral cortex.
Consciousness encompasses
perception of sensation, voluntary initiation, control of movement, and higher mental processing
Degrees of clinical consciousness are
alertness
drowsiness
stupor
coma
(Can Anthony Draw Shakira)
Normal brain function involves
continuous electrical activity
what tracks electrical activity in the brain
electroencephalogram (EEG)
measures with action potentials
Recorded patterns of neuronal electrical activity are called
brain waves
Brain waves change with
age
sensory stimuli
brain disease
chemical state of the body
(And So Ben Cried)
EEGs can be used to
diagnose and localize brain lesions, tumors, infarctions, infections, abscesses, and epileptic lesions.
Memory is
the storage and retrieval of information
The two categories of memory are
declarative (fact)
non‐declarative (skill, motor and emotional) memory.
Fact memory (declarative) (what does it do?)
entails learning explicit information (dates, facts, etc.).
related to our conscious thoughts and our language ability
stored with the context in which it was learned.
two stages to the declarative memory
short term memory
long term memory
short term memory (STM, or working memory)
a fleeting memory of the events that continually happen.
It lasts seconds to hours and is limited to 7 or 8 pieces of information.
long term memory (LTM)
has a limitless capacity.
Although the mechanisms are not fully understood, Long‐term potentiation is involved
Working memory is
temporary “register” for information while it is being used.
a memory (could be STM or LTM) that is retrieved to complete an ongoing task.
STM are converted into LTM by
hippocampus
Factors that affect transfer of memory from STM to LTM include
Emotional state
Rehearsal
Association
Automatic memory
(Eat Regularly Alright Anna)
Non‐ declarative memory (what is it)
is less conscious and does not retain the context in which it was learned
Instead it is best remembered by doing
Categories of non‐ declarative memory include
Procedural (skill) – play piano (corpus striatum)
Motor – ride a bike (cerebellum)
Emotional (amygdala)
(Please ME)
There are two major types of sleep
Non‐Rapid Eye Movement (NREM)
Rapid Eye Movement (REM).
A person passes through four stages of NREM during the first
30‐45 minutes of sleep.
A typical sleep pattern alternates between
REM and NREM sleep with cycles being more REM dependent
REM sleep occurs after
the fourth NREM stage has been achieved
Non‐REM sleep is
a quiet sleep time
muscles relax, but maintain some tone
breathing and heart rate is slow and regular
consumption of energy by the brain is minimal.
EEG shows high voltage (synchronized) waves are generated
In REM (rapid eye movement) phase
postural muscles relaxed,
breathing and heart rate are irregular
Brain metabolism exceeds levels seen when the subject is awake.
EEG shows low voltage fast irregular waves similar to awake state
Dreaming mostly occurs during
REM and last stages of Non‐REM sleep