Ap psychology: learning unit 2

Explicit memory

Memory of facts and experiences that require conscious recall

Episodic memory

Memory of personally experienced events

Semantic memory

Memory of facts and general knowledge

Implicit memory

Retention without conscious awareness (skills, conditioning)

Procedural memory

Memory of how to perform tasks and skills

Prospective memory

Remembering to perform actions in the future

Long-term potentiation

Strengthening of neural connections that improves memory

Working memory model

System for temporarily holding and manipulating information

Central executive

Part of working memory that directs attention

Phonological loop

Working memory component handling verbal and auditory info

Visuospatial sketchpad

Working memory component handling visual and spatial info

Multi-store model

Memory model dividing sensory, short-term, and long-term memory

Sensory memory

Immediate, brief recording of sensory information

Iconic memory

Visual sensory memory lasting a fraction of a second

Echoic memory

Auditory sensory memory lasting a few seconds

Short-Term Memory

Small, brief storage of information currently being used

Long-Term Memory

Relatively permanent and unlimited memory store

Automatic processing

Unconscious encoding of incidental information

Effortful processing

Encoding that requires attention and effort

Encoding

Process of getting information into memory

Storage

Retaining encoded information

Retrieval

Getting information out of memory storage

Levels of processing model

Deeper processing improves long-term retention

Shallow encoding

Basic encoding of appearance or sound

Deep encoding

Meaning-based encoding leading to better retention

Structural, phonemic, semantic

Levels of processing from shallow to deep

Mnemonic devices

Memory aids that use organization or imagery

Method of loci

Mnemonic using imagined locations to remember items

Chunking-Grouping

Organizing items into units to increase memory

Categories-Grouping

Sorting information by category to improve recall

Hierarchies-Grouping

Organizing concepts from broad to specific

Spacing effect

Better retention with distributed learning over time

Memory consolidation

Process of stabilizing memories into long-term storage

Massed practice

Cramming information in one session

Distributed practice

Learning spread out over time

Serial position effect

Tendency to recall first and last items best

Primacy effect

Better recall of items at the beginning of a list

Recency effect

Better recall of items at the end of a list

Long-term memory maintenance rehearsal

Repetition that keeps information active in memory

Elaborative rehearsal

Linking information to existing knowledge

Memory retention

Ability to maintain information over time

Autobiographical memory

Memory of personal life events

Retrograde amnesia

Loss of past memories

Anterograde amnesia

Inability to form new memories

Alzheimer’s disease

Neurodegenerative disorder causing memory decline

Infantile amnesia

Inability to recall early childhood memories

Retrieval

Accessing stored information

Recall

Retrieving information without cues

Recognition

Identifying information previously learned

Retrieval cues

Triggers that help access memories

Context-dependent memory

Improved recall when in the same environment as learning

Mood-congruent memory

Tendency to recall memories matching one’s mood

State-dependent memory

Better recall when in the same internal state as learning

Testing effect

Improved memory from retrieving rather than rereading

Metacognition

Awareness and understanding of one’s thinking processes

The forgetting curve

Pattern showing rapid initial forgetting then leveling off

Encoding failure

Occurs when information never enters long-term memory

Proactive interference

Old information interferes with new learning

Retroactive interference

New information interferes with old learning

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Feeling of knowing but temporarily unable to retrieve

Repression

Unconscious blocking of distressing memories

Misinformation effect

Memory distorted by misleading information

Source amnesia

Inability to recall where information came from

Constructive memory

Memory built from perception plus stored knowledge

Memory consolidation 1.

Process of long-term stabilization of memories

Imagination inflation

Increased confidence in false memories after imagining them