practical 1 a&p 2

what CN innervates the lateral rectus?

VI abducens

what CN innervates medical rectus?

III oculomotor

what CN innervates the superior rectus?

III oculomotor

what CN innervates the inferior rectus?

III oculomotor

what CN innervates the inferior oblique?

III oculomotor

what CN innervates the superior oblique?

IV trochlear

action of lateral rectus?

turn eye laterally/ abduction of eye

action of medial rectus?

turn eye medially

action of superior rectus?

elevate and adduct the eye, raise eye superiorly

action of inferior rectus?

depress and adduct eye, move eye inferiorly

action of inferior oblique?

move eye superiorly and laterally, externally rotates eye

action of superior oblique?

move eye inferiorly (depression) and laterally (abduction) , rotate top of eye toward nose (intorsion)

parts of fibrous tunic?

sclera and cornea

parts of vascular tunic?

iris, ciliary body, and choroid

parts of retina?

pigmented layer and neural layer

what are the 3 tunics of the eye?

fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, retina

blind spot test

test to find where blind spot is(optic disc)/if you have one

as you move paper closer to eye and focus on one dot, the other will disappear

near point accommodation test

determine where your near point is

as you move the paper closer, you see to objects or it becomes blurry. measure where you can last see everything clearly

visual acuity test

test your vision using a Snellen chart

astigmatism test

tests for astigmatism and near/far sightedness

none of the lines on the paper should appear blurry or different colors (this indicates astigmatism)

color blindness test

often uses pictures and numbers to differentiate colors, tests if you are colorblind or not

depth perception test

test depth perception by if you can put a pencil in a test tube with one eye closed

photo pupillary reflex

a protective response to prevent damage to photoreceptor cells, constricting of pupil to limit light entry and protect retina and adjust brightness

accommodation pupillary reflex

pupil size changes when viewing distant vs. near objects, allows you to switch between objects yet still maintain focus

convergence reflex

position of eyeballs change when viewing distant vs near objects; simultaneous movement of both eyes inward allowing you to keep the image focused on the fovea centralis

emmetropic

clinical term for “ideal” or normal vision where light rays from distant objects focus directly on resin without needing corrective lenses

myopic

near-sighted (can see close but not far)

hyperopic

farsightedness (can see far but not close)

presbyopic

nature, age related decline in ability to focus on close objects

astigmatism

blurred or distorted vision at all distances caused by irregularly shaped cornea

accommodation

eye’s automatic process of adjusting the Len’s curvature, become more convex for near objects and flatter for distance, to maintain clear focus

chemoreceptor

specialized sensory cells that detect chemical changes in body’s internal and external environments

how many types of taste receptors are there?

5 (sweet, salty, umami, sour, bitter)

what is the organ of smell and where is it located?

olfactory epithelium located in the roof of the nasal cavity

what type of neurons are olfactory receptor cells?

bipolar neurons

where do you find olfactory cilia?

the apical surface of olfactory sensory neurons *which are in olfactory epithelium of upper nasal cavity)

what is the name for the specific receptor for sense of taste? where do you find them?

gustatory cells, they are found in taste buds (which are part of papillae of tongue mucosa, only foliate, valuate, and fungiform) and is soft palate, esophagus, pharynx, and epiglottis

how many types of papillae are there and what are their names?

4 types, fungiform, foliate, vallate, and filiform papillae

which papillae contain receptors for taste?

fungiform, foliate, and vallate contains receptors for taste

filiform don’t contain receptors for taste

how do you test for the important of taste and olfaction in odor identification?

use different containers with different odors in each to test if you can identify the smell

Pen light test

tests Pupillary Reflex and pupil constriction when light is shined in eye

what is this instrument and what does it do?

ophthalmoscope, allows you to see there is blow flow to retina (blood vessels) and that retina is still intact

what is this instrument and what does it do?

otoscope, allows you to visualize tympanic membrane and make sure it is still intact

what is the measurement of binocular visual field test?

determine with a protractor your visual field, record when you first see an object in periphery to when you can’t see it anymore in other periphery

how did you demonstrate olfactory adaptation?

smell something for a long period of time and gradually you smell it less

what is an otoscope used for?

used to visualize the tympanic membrane and make sure it is still intact

what is an ophthalmoscope used for?

to visualize back of eye and make sure their is blood flow to retina dn that retina is still intact

is the cochlea for hearing or equilibrium?

hearing

is spiral organ for hearing or equilibrium?

hearing

is crista ampullaris for hearing or equilibrium?

equilibrium

hearing acuity test

tests hearing; patient puts headphones on and determines when they hear sounds (used to determine if there is hearing loss), test bone conduction

sound localization test

tests patients hearing at different areas to see if you have trouble hearing from one specific location

frequency range

measures the lowest to highest pitches a human can detect using a frequency response analyzer

weber test

tests conduction hearing and sensorineural deafness; sound should be the same and not louder of one side one tuning fork is placed on chin and forehead

rinne test

tests bone and air conduction hearing, as well as damage to tympanic membrane or ear ossicles; after sound from tuning fork can’t be heard on mastoid process it should be able to by heard by pinna of ear

bing test

tests for conductive hearing loss, when tuning fork is placed on mastoid process and finger is stuck in auditory canal should should be amplified

sound location test

tests hearing at different areas, should be able to correctly identify where sound is coming from

postural reflex test

tests for body’s ability to compensate for changes to static equilibrium; when pushed to left, left foot moves to compensate for change, **no swaying when walking in a straight line

barany’s test

test for nystagmus (rapid eye movement); after spinning, eyes should equalize and stop

Romberg test

determines integrity of the dorsal white column of spinal cord; when standing there should be no lateral sway

balance test

assess postural stability, see if you can balance on one leg

nystagmus

involuntary, rhythmic oscillation of one or both eyes

vertigo

false sensation of spinning or movement (often from inner ear problems)

hormone and effect of anterior pituitary

prolactin stimulates the mammary glands for milk synthesis

hormone and effect of posterior pituitary gland

antidiuretic hormone stimulates water retention in kidneys

hormone and effect of thyroid gland

calcitonin to lower blood calcium levels by stimulating bone deposition (especially in kids)

parathyroid gland hormone and effect

parathyroid hormone raises blood Ca +2 levels by stimulating bone resorption and inhibiting deposition, reducing urinary Ca +2 output from kidneys, and enchanting calictriol synthesis in small intestine

adrenal glands- cortex hormone and effect

aldosterone promotes Na+ and water retention and K+ excretion from kidneys, maintains blood pressure and volume

adrenal glands -medulla hormone and effect

epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine promote alertness, mobilize organic fuels, raise metabolic rate, and stimulate circulation and repiraiton

pancreas hormone and effect

insulin stimulates glucose and amino acid uptake, lowers blood glucose level, promotes glycogen, fat, and protein synthesis

thymus hormone and effect

thymosin stimulates T lymphocyte development and acuity

pineal gland hormone and effect

melatonin, affects the brain and controls circadian rhythm

ovaries hormone and effect

progesterone regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy in uterus and prepares mammary glands for lactation

testes hormone and effect

testosterone stimulates fetal and adolescent reproductive development, musculoskeletal growth, sperm production and libido

pathway of blood to and from heart

blood enters through right atrium from superior and inferior venae cavae → blood in right atrium flows through tricuspid valve into right ventricle → contraction of right ventricle forces pulmonary valve open → blood flows thru pulmonary valve into pulmonary trunk → blood is distributed by right and left pulmonary arteries to the lungs where it unloads CO2 and loads O2 → blood returns from lungs via pulmonary veins to left atrium → blood in left atrium flows through bicuspid valve into left ventricle → contraction of left ventricle forces aortic valve open → blood flows through aortic valve into ascending aorta → blood in aorta is distributed to every organ in the body where it unloads O2 and loads CO2 → blood returns to right atrium via venae cave

simplified pathway of blood

venae cavae → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary trunk → pulmonary arteries → lungs where co2 replaced by o2→ pulmonary veins → left atrium→ bicuspid valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta→ blood flows through body

what heart chamber is oxygen rich?

left atrium and left ventricle

what heart chambers are oxygen poor?

right atrium and right ventricle

path of intrinsic conduction

sinuatrial node fires → excitation spreads through atrial myocardium → atrioventricular node fires → excitation spreads down atrioventricular bundle → subendocardial branches distribute excitation through ventricular myocardium

what is an ECG and what does it measure?

electrocardiograph- graphic recording of the electrical changes (repolarization and depolarization) occurring during the cardiac cycle

P wave

atria depolarizing

QRS complex

ventricular depolarization

T wave

ventricular repolarization

heart rate formula

mm /beat x 0.04 sec/min x 60 sec/min

normal heart rate and normal range

60-100 bpm

bradycardia

excessively low HR below 60 BPM

tachycardia

excessively high HR above 100 BPM

fibrillation

heart upper chambers quiver instead of contracting m

myocardial infarction

heart attack, lack of blood flow to heart causes tissues to die

pulse points and arteries?

wrist = radial artery

neck= carotid artery

auscultation

involves listening to body sounds using a stethoscope

systole

phase of cardiac cycle where heart muscle contracts

diastole

phase of heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood

how do you calculate heart rate from an ECG?

count number of big or little squares between tops of waves

1500/# of little squares

300/ # of big squares

rhythmic throbbing of an arterial wall as blood is being pumped thru the vessel

pulse

where are the 2 most common pulse points?

radial artery (wrist)an and carotid artery (neck)

an instrument used for auscultation, listening to the internal sounds of the body

stethoscope

a hollow cup for low frequency sounds

bell of stethoscope

a flat solid disc for high frequency sounds (drum)

diaphragm of stethoscope

S1 = lubb sound

closing of atrioventricular valves