McShane_12e_CH02_FINAL

Personality

Relatively enduring pattern of thoughts, emotions, and behaviours that characterize a person, along with psychological processes.

Big Five Personality Model

A model consisting of five factors: Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness to experience, and Extraversion.

Dark Triad

A trio of undesirable personality traits: Machiavellianism, Narcissism, and Psychopathy.

Machiavellianism

A personality trait characterized by manipulation, deceit, and exploitation of others.

Narcissism

A personality trait marked by self-importance, entitlement, and an excessive need for admiration.

Psychopathy

A personality characterized by antisocial behavior, lack of empathy, and impulsivity.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

A personality assessment that classifies individuals into 16 types based on four dichotomies: Extraversion/Introversion, Sensing/Intuition, Thinking/Feeling, and Judging/Perceiving.

Values

Stable, evaluative beliefs that guide preferences and influence behavior.

Schwartz’s Values Model

A framework that categorizes values into a circumplex structure to understand their relationships and influences.

Individualism

The degree to which people prioritize personal freedom and self-sufficiency over group goals.

Collectivism

The degree to which people emphasize group membership and harmonious relationships within the group.

Power Distance

The extent to which less powerful members of a society defer to more powerful members.

Uncertainty Avoidance

The degree to which individuals feel threatened by ambiguous situations and prefer structured circumstances.

Achievement Orientation

A cultural value emphasizing assertiveness, competitiveness, and material success.

Nurturing Orientation

A cultural value placing emphasis on relationships and human interaction.

Ethical Principles

Four guiding principles in ethics: Utilitarianism, Individual Rights, Distributive Justice, and Ethic of Care.

Moral Intensity

The degree to which an ethical issue demands the application of moral principles based on its potential consequences.

Values Congruence

Similarity of a person's values hierarchy to that of another entity, affecting job satisfaction and organizational commitment.