Child development: Chapters 11-13

Middle childhood:

the period of development between
the ages of 7 and 11.

Obesity:

the physical state of accumulating
excessive fat that poses
a risk to health.

Basal metabolic rate:

the speed at which the body
consumes calories.

Malocclusion:

the dental condition whereby
upper and lower permanent
teeth do not meet properly.

Myopia:

nearsightedness; lack of foresight

Sport specialization:

starting a particular sport at a
young age and focusing solely
on that sport.

School-age children need approximately _______
calories daily,

2400

Many obese children are unpopular, have
low self-esteem, and are at risk for:

medical
disorders.

Children start to lose primary teeth at:

5 or 6
years of age.

By age 12, children typically have ______of their
permanent teeth.

24

The most common cause of injury and death
at this age (middle childhood) is:

the automobile—children can be
injured either as a passenger or as a pedestrian

Concrete operational stage:

a Piagetian cognitive stage of
development during which
children first use mental operations
to solve problems and
to reason.

Mental operations:

strategies and rules that make
thinking more systematic and
powerful.

Memory strategies:

activities that improve
remembering.

Script:

a memory structure used
to describe the sequence in
which events occur.

4 Information processing elements that aid memory:

Strategies, monitoring, knowledge, scripts

Monitoring

Assessing the effectiveness of
a strategy and one's progress
toward a learning goal

Strategies

Deliberate acts used to help a
person remember

Knowledge

Understanding of relations
between items that promotes
remembering by organizing information
to be remembered

Psychometric theory:

a theory based on measurement
of a psychological
characteristic, usually with a
scorable questionnaire or other
type of psychological test.

Psychometric g:

intelligence as defined and
measured by mental tests.

Gardner's 8 intelligences

linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, naturalist

Savant:

a person who is intellectually
delayed but also extremely
talented in one particular
domain.

Social-cognitive flexibility:

a person's skill in solving social
problems with relevant social
knowledge.

Triarchic theory of successful
intelligence:

Sternberg's theory about intelligence,
as situated within
a person's socio-cultural environment,
based on three
subtheories.

Componential subtheory:

the theory that intelligence depends
on basic cognitive processes
called components.

Components:

information-processing skills
involved in basic cognitive
processing.

Experiential subtheory:

the idea that intelligence is
revealed in both novel and familiar
tasks.

Contextual subtheory:

the idea that intelligent behaviour
involves skillfully adapting
to an environment.

Subtheories in Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Componential, Experiental, Contextual

Major Perspectives on Intelligence

Psychometric, Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, Sternberg's triarchic theory of successful intelligence

Mental age:

the difficulty level of problems
that children could correctly
solve at various ages.

Intelligence quotient:

the mathematical ratio of
mental age to chronological
age.

Dynamic testing:

measuring a child's learning
potential by having the child
learn something new in the
presence of the examiner and
with the examiner's help.

Differentiated instruction:

making adaptations to the
classroom environment and
teaching methods to accommodate
children's personal
strengths, weaknesses, and
preferred ways of learning.

Response to intervention:

an educational model based on
frequent progress monitoring
and evidence-based, strategic
responses to students' measured
achievement levels.

Culture-fair intelligence
tests:

psychological tests designed
to eliminate group differences
due to culture.

Mental rotation:

the ability to imagine how an
object will look after it has
been moved in space.

Word recognition:

the process of identifying a
unique pattern of letters.

Comprehension:

the process of extracting
meaning from a sequence of
words.

Phonological awareness:

the ability to distinguish the
distinctive sounds of letters.

Propositions:

ideas developed by combining
words.

Knowledge-telling strategy:

a writing strategy in which
information on a topic is written
down as it is retrieved from
memory.

Knowledge-transforming
strategy:

a writing strategy in which the
writer decides what information
to include and how to
organize it before writing it
down.

Factors contributing to improved writing with age:

greater knowledge, better organization, greater facility with mechanical requirements, greater skill in revising

Greater facility with mechanical requirements

Spelling, punctuation, and printing (or typing) are
easier for older children, so they can concentrate on
writing.

Greater skill in revising

Older children are better able to recognize and correct
problems in their writing.

Better organization

Older children organize information to convey a point
to the reader, but younger children simply list topics
as they come to mind

Greater knowledge

Older children know more about the world and thus
have more to write about.

Successful schools emphasize:

academic excellence,
are safe and nurturing, monitor progress,
and urge parents to be involved.

Students succeed when teachers:

manage classrooms
effectively, take responsibility for students'
learning, teach mastery of material, pace
material well, value tutoring, and show children
how to monitor learning.

Computers are used in schools as

as tutors, to
provide experiential learning, and as a tool to
achieve traditional academic goals.

Idiocentric:

emphasizing independence
and personal needs and goals
over those of others.

Allocentric:

emphasizing interdependence,
affiliation, and co-operation
with groups an individual belongs
to more than personal
goals.

Friendship:

a voluntary relationship based
on mutual liking between two
people.

Prejudice:

a negative view of others based
on their membership in a specific
group.

Prosocial behaviour:

actions that promote harmony
in a social group.

Altruism:

prosocial behaviour that helps
another with no direct benefit
to the individual performing
the behaviour.

Empathy:

the ability to understand another
person's emotions.

Helicopter parenting:

Parental overcontrol of children
that interferes with the
ability to develop internalized
self-control.

Dispositional praise:

linking the child's altruistic
behaviour to an underlying
altruistic characteristic of the
person.

Factors Contributing to Children's Prosocial Behaviour

Skills, situational influences, parent's influence

Prosocial behav, perspective taking

they can take another person's point of view.

Prosocial behav, empathy:

they feel another person's emotions.

prosocial behav, feelings of responsibility:

they feel responsible to the person in need.

prosocial behav, feelins of competence:

they feel competent to help

prosocial behav, mood:

they're in the mood.

prosocial behav, cost of altruism:

the cost of prosocial behaviour is smaller.

prosocial behav, parental disciplinary strategy:

parents use reasoning as their primary form of
discipline.

prosocial behav, parental emotional regulation:

parents express emotion appropriately, especially positive
emotion.

prosocial behav, parental modelling:

parents behave prosocially themselves.

prosocial behav, parental reward:

parents reward prosocial behaviour.

Aggression:

externalized behaviour meant
to harm others.

Assertiveness:

goal-directed behaviour that
respects the rights of others.

Instrumental aggression:

when a child uses aggression
to achieve an explicit goal.

Reactive aggression:

when one child's behaviour
leads to another child's
aggression.

Relational aggression:

hurting another person by
damaging that person's social
relationships.

Latchkey children:

children who largely are under
their own supervision after
school.

Impact of Divorce on Children: What is most affected?

Children's school achievement, their conduct, psychological adjustment,
self-concept, and relationships with their parents

Impact of Divorce on Children: Who is most affected?

School-age children and adolescents; children who are temperamentally
emotional; children prone to interpret events negatively

Impact of Divorce on Children: Why is divorce harmful?

One parent is less accessible as a role model; single-parent families experience
economic hardship; conflict between parents is distressing

Joint custody:

a post-divorce legal arrangement
whereby both parents
retain legal custody of their
children.

Blended family:

also called a stepfamily, this
family consists of two adults
living together either commonlaw
or married who have biological
children from one or
both of those adults.

Skip-generation family:

a family that consists of grandparents
and grandchildren
without the presence of the
children's parents.

Foster family:

a family that consists of at
least one adult and one child
who is not the biological child
or a relative of the foster
parent.