Anatomy and Physiology - Chapter 1 Test 1

Flashcards covering key vocabulary from Anatomy and Physiology Lecture.

Anatomy

The study of internal and external body structures and their physical relationships among other body parts.

Physiology

The study of how living organisms perform their vital functions.

Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function

States that all specific functions are performed by specific structures, and the form of a structure relates to its function.

Gross anatomy

Examines large structures, visible with the naked eye.

Microscopic anatomy

Examines structures that can only be seen using magnification, such as cells and molecules.

Surface anatomy

Anatomy of body surface.

Regional anatomy

Anatomy of specific body areas.

Sectional anatomy

Understanding the relationship of body structures by examining cross sections.

Systemic anatomy

Anatomy of organ systems.

Clinical anatomy

Anatomy as used in the clinical practice.

Pathological anatomy

Anatomical changes during illness.

Radiologic anatomy

Anatomical structures seen using imaging techniques.

Surgical anatomy

Anatomical landmarks important in surgery.

Developmental anatomy

Anatomical changes from fertilization to adulthood.

Embryology

Study of early developmental processes.

Cytology

Study of the structure of cells.

Histology

Study of the structure of tissues.

Cell physiology

Study of the function of cells and their chemical processes.

Organ physiology

Study of the function of specific organs.

Systemic physiology

Study of function of organ systems.

Pathological physiology

Study of effects of diseases on organs or systems.

Signs

Objective disease indications (such as a fever).

Symptoms

Subjective disease indication (such as tiredness).

Scientific method

A system that includes with careful observation, proposing a hypothesis and then testing the hypothesis through experimentation.

Atoms

Smallest stable units of matter.

Molecules

Consist of two or more atoms.

Cells

Smallest living units in the body.

Tissue

A group of cells working together to perform specific functions.

Organs

Made of two or more tissues working together to perform specific functions.

Organ system

Group of organs interacting for a particular function.

Organism

An individual life form.

Medical terminology

Involves using word roots, prefixes, suffixes and combining forms to build terms related to the body in health and disease.

Eponyms

Names based on names of discoverer of a structure or disease.

Surface anatomy

Locating structures on or near the body surface.

Anatomical landmarks

Terms that correspond to specific surface landmarks of the body.

Anatomical position

Standard anatomical reference position with hands at the sides, palms facing forward and feet together.

Anterior view

Body in anatomical position from the front.

Posterior view

Body in anatomical position from the back.

Supine

Body lying face up.

Prone

Body lying face down.

Abdominopelvic quadrants

Divide the abdominopelvic region in four quadrants.

Abdominopelvic regions

Divide the abdominopelvic region in nine specific regions.

Anatomical directions

Terms that are used to describe the relative location of body regions and structures.

Superior

Above; at a higher level (in the human body, toward the head).

Inferior

Below; at a lower level; toward the feet.

Posterior

The back surface.

Anterior

The front surface.

Cranial

Toward the head.

Caudal

Toward the tail (coccyx in humans).

Medial

Toward the midline.

Lateral

Away from the midline.

Superficial

At, near, or relatively close to the body surface.

Deep

Toward the interior of the body; farther from the surface.

Proximal

Toward the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk.

Distal

Away from the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk.

Section

A slice through a three-dimensional object used to visualize internal organization.

Sectional plane

A single view or slice along a two-dimensional flat surface.

Frontal Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions.

Sagittal Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body or organ into left and right portions.

Transverse Plane

A horizontal plane that divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions.

Body cavities

Closed, fluid filled cavities that are lined by a thin serous membrane; contain the vital organs (viscera) of the trunk.

Serous membrane

Lines body cavities and covers organs.

Parietal serosa

Lines cavity.

Visceral serosa

Covers organ.

Thoracic cavity

Deep to the chest wall of the thoracic region.

Pleural cavities

Surround the lungs.

Pericardial cavity

Surrounds the heart.

Mediastinum

A mass of connective tissue that stabilizes the trachea, esophagus, thymus, and largest vessels of the heart; also contains the pericardial cavity.

Abdominopelvic cavity

Deep to the abdominal and pelvic walls, extending from the diaphragm to the pelvis.

Peritoneal cavity

Space within the abdominopelvic cavity lined with peritoneum.

Retroperitoneal space

Area between the parietal peritoneum and the back of the muscular body wall.

Infraperitoneal

Organs which extend inferior to the peritoneal cavity.

Homeostasis

Continuous physiological processes that establish a relatively stable internal environment.

Homeostatic regulation

Adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis.

Autoregulation

Automatic, local response to an environmental change in a cell, tissue, or organ.

Extrinsic regulation

Responses of organ systems controlled by the nervous system (through electrical signals) or the endocrine system (through chemical messengers).

Receptor

A sensor that detects the stimulus or change.

Control center

Receives and processes the information and sends out commands.

Effector

A cell of organ that carries out the commands of the control center.

Negative feedback

Type of regulation that opposes variation from normal.

Positive feedback

Type of regulation that enhances variation from normal.

Dynamic equilibrium

Physiological systems are continually adapting and adjusting to changing conditions.