Studied by 25 people
independent variable
the variable that’s changing
dependent variable
the variable that’s being measured
controlled variable
the variable that stays the same
correlation
a mutual relationship between two or more things
refraction
the bending of light which passes at angle through one medium into another
medium
the substance that transfers the energy or light
incident ray
the ray of light falling on the reflected surface
interface
surface separating two phases of matter, can be solid, liquid, or gas
angle of incidence
the angle formed between the normal and incident ray
angle of refraction
the angle formed between the normal and the refracted way
normal
the ray that is at 90 degrees on the point of incidence to the reflecting surface
atom
the smallest unit of matter that holds all the chemical properties of elements
electron
a negatively charged particle found in the orbitals of an atom
proton
a positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom
neutron
a neutral charge particle found in the nucleus of an atom
atomic number
the number of protons an element has
atomic mass
the number of protons and neutrons an element has
nucleus
the core of an atom, contains protons and neutrons
energy level
also known as orbitals or shells, holds the electrons in an atom
valence electron
the electrons in the last orbital of an atom
period
horizontal row on the periodic table
group
column on the periodic table
metal
solid, high melting points, low density, good conductors, can be mixed together to make an alloy, malleable, ductile
non metal
poor solubility, soft, low density, insulators, dull, low melting points
alkali metals
lustrous, malleable, soft, ductile, good conductors, all oxidize, react vigorously with water
alkaline earth metals
highly reactive, oxidize, low melting points, good conductors, metallic, ductile, lustrous, malleable
halogens
reactive, all oxidize, non metals, noticeable colour
noble gases
glow with bright colours in reaction to electricity passing through them, colourless, all gases
pure substance
a single kind of matter that cannot be separated into other kinds of matter
element
a chemical substance that cannot be broken down into other substances
compound
a substance composed of two or more different elements chemically bonded together
mixture
a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded together
homogenous mixture
a type of mixture where there is only one phase of matter throughout the substance and the proportions are the same
heterogenous mixture
a type of mixture that consists of different substances or components that are visibly distinguishable
stable octet
when the last orbital has 8 valence electrons
ozone
colourless gas, exists in the stratosphere
global warming potential
how well a particular gas absorbs and scatters infrared radiation
greenhouse effect
trapping of the sun’s warmth in a planet’s troposphere from the transparency of the atmosphere
insolation
the amount of solar radiation received on a given surface in a specific time period
anthropogenic greenhouse gas source
combustion of fossil fuels, transportation areas, and deforestation
natural source greenhouse gas source
volcanoes, forest fires, and decomposing organic matter
covalent bond
when the one or more pairs of electrons of atoms are equally attracted to each others nuclei
molecule
a group of atoms bonded together
wave crest
the highest point of a wave
wave trough
the lowest point of a wave
amplitude
the power of a wave from the equilibrium position to the crest
rest position or equilibrium position
the halfway point between the trough and the crest
wavelength
the length of a wave
frequency
the number of waves in a certain amount of time
inverse relationship
when one variable decreases and another increases
convection
a movement in a gas or liquid when the warmer parts move up and the cooler parts move down
conduction
the transfer of energy, such as heat or an electric charge through a substance
radiation
energy that comes from a source and travels through space at the speed of light
electromagnetic spectrum
the range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation and their wavelengths
radio waves
a type of electromagnetic radiation, longest wavelength, used for communication purposes
microwaves
found at the higher frequency end of the radio spectrum, shorter wavelengths than radio
infrared light
longer wavelengths than visible light but shorter than microwaves
visible light
the human eye can view this light
ultraviolet
a form of radiation that is emitted by the sun and artificial sources, shorter than visible light, longer than x ray light, used in tanning beds
visible light spectrum
the segment of the electromagnetic spectrum that the human eye can view
x rays
can pass through most objects, higher energy, shorter than uv light, longer than gamma rays
gamma rays
the shortest wave length on the electromagnetic spectrum
luminescence
the emission of light by a substance as a result of a chemical reaction
incandescence
emission of light due to a change in temperature, e.g. old light bulbs
chemiluminescence
light is released due to a chemical reaction without a change in temperature, e.g. mixing two different chemicals together
bioluminescence
a biochemical reaction inside a living cell produces light
triboluminescence
light is produced during the breaking of chemical bonds when a material is pulled apart, ripped, scratched, crushed, or rubbed, e.g. drilling quartz
phosphorescence
when a substance absorbs one colour of light but then emits a different one slowly
fluorescence
when a substance absorbs one colour of light then emits a different one immediately
electric discharge
the release and transmission of electricity in an electric field through a medium such as gas
photon
a particle of light which is essentially a packet of electromagnetic radiation
greenhouse gas
gases in the earth’s atmosphere that trap heat
methane
colourless, odorless, highly flammable gas, composed of carbon and hydrogen
carbon dioxide
a colourless and non flammable gas, humans exhale this substance
water vapour
water in gas form instead of liquid form
chlorofluorocarbons
non toxic, non flammable chemicals containing atoms of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine
nitrous oxide
odorless, colourless, non flammable gas, also known as laughing gas
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Flashcard (21)