Untitled Flashcards Set

I. YOUTH INTERNATIONAL PARTY (YIP / “Yippies”)

Founding & Overview

• Birth: December 31, 1967

• Founders: Abbie Hoffman, Jerry Rubin, Paul Krassner, Nancy Kurshan, Anita Hoffman

• Philosophy: Used humor, street theater, pranks, and cultural rebellion to protest war, capitalism, and social injustice.

• Notable Writings/Manifestos:

  • The YIP Manifesto (by Abbie Hoffman, Paul Krassner, Jerry Rubin)

  • Steal This Book (1971) by Abbie Hoffman

Key Events (YIP)

1. “Smoke-In” at Grand Central Terminal
   
   

   • Date: Late 1960s (no exact date given, but famously associated with Yippie tactics)

   • Significance: Public protest against marijuana criminalization; used theatrical “smoke-in” to spark conversation on drug policy.

2. Support for Columbia University Protests
   
   

   • Date: April 3–10, 1968

   • Significance: Yippies joined students protesting Vietnam War research ties and expansion into Harlem; highlighted university–military–industrial complex connections.

3. DNC Protest (Chicago)
   
   

   • Date: August 23–29, 1968

   • Notable Stunt: Nominated a pig (“Pigasus”) for President.

   • Significance: Massive anti-war protest at the Democratic National Convention; escalated into violent clashes with police. Key moment in 1960s protest history.

4. The Chicago Seven Trial
   
   

   • Dates: September 24, 1969 – February 18, 1970

   • Who: Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin among defendants.

   • Significance: Yippies on trial for conspiring to incite riots at the 1968 DNC. They used humor and media coverage to turn the trial into a larger commentary on free speech and authoritarianism.

5. The Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam
   
   

   • Date: November 15, 1969

   • Significance: Yippies joined one of the largest national anti-war demonstrations in D.C., showing broad mainstream and countercultural unity against the war.

Key People (YIP)

• Abbie Hoffman

  • Co-founder. Wrote Steal This Book. Known for flashy, satirical protest tactics and brash media persona.

• Jerry Rubin

  • Co-founder. Like Hoffman, used “guerrilla theater” and pranks. Later became known for exploring self-improvement movements.

• Paul Krassner

  • Political satirist and co-founder. Edited radical magazine The Realist.

II. VIETNAM VETERANS AGAINST THE WAR (VVAW)

Founding & Overview

• Founded: 1967 by Vietnam War veterans (Jan Barry Crumb, Ron Kovic, Al Hubbard, et al.)

• Purpose: Oppose U.S. involvement in Vietnam; advocate for veterans’ rights, expose atrocities and government policy failures.

Key Events (VVAW)

1. Slogan Origination (April 15, 1967)
   
   

   • A group of about 20 vets marched with a banner reading “Vietnam Veterans Against the War” at a NYC anti-war demonstration. Sparked the official name.

2. First Meeting (June 1, 1967)
   
   

   • Six vets, including Jan Barry and Ron Kovic, formally founded VVAW in an apartment in response to pro-war media.

3. Operation RAW (September 4–7, 1970)
   
   

   • 200 veterans marched through towns in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, mimicking the harsh search-and-destroy tactics used in Vietnam. Aimed to shock the public into seeing the war’s brutality.

4. Winter Soldier Investigation (1971)
   
   

   • VVAW-sponsored hearings where soldiers testified about war crimes in Vietnam ( POW mistreatment, civilian casualties, etc.). Highly controversial, but deeply influential in fueling anti-war sentiment.

5. Operation POW (May 28–31, 1971)
   
   

   • Memorial Day march in Massachusetts to symbolize U.S. captivity in the Vietnam War. Veterans evoked Revolutionary War symbols to highlight American ideals vs. reality in Vietnam.

6. “Dewey Canyon III” Protest (1971)
   
   

   • Veterans symbolically returned their medals on the Capitol steps. Gained major media attention, showing that even those who served were denouncing the war.

Key People (VVAW)

• Ron Kovic

  • Former U.S. Marine, paralyzed in Vietnam. Author of Born on the Fourth of July. Became a high-profile anti-war speaker.

• Jan Barry Crumb

  • Co-founder, Army veteran disillusioned by the war, important organizer and poet.

• Carl Douglas Rogers

  • Co-founder, served as a chaplain’s assistant in Vietnam. Lifelong social justice advocate.

• Steve Greene

  • Early member. Involved in grassroots organization and testimonies about the realities of the war.

Primary Source Note: John Kerry’s 1971 Senate Testimony on behalf of VVAW was a major turning point—he questioned the morality of the war, galvanizing pro- and anti-war groups alike.

III. STUDENT NONVIOLENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE (SNCC)

Founding & Overview

• Founded: 1960, after student-led sit-ins (notably the Greensboro Sit-Ins)

• Focus: Civil rights activism; direct, nonviolent action. Later embraced “Black Power” under Stokely Carmichael.

Key Events (SNCC)

1. Greensboro Sit-Ins (February 1960)
   
   

   • Launched the wave of student sit-ins across the South. Led to the formation of SNCC at Shaw University in April 1960.

2. Freedom Rides (1961)
   
   

   • SNCC members risked violence to desegregate interstate bus travel, cooperating with CORE (Congress of Racial Equality).

3. Voter Registration Drives (1961–1964)
   
   

   • SNCC activists registered Black voters across the Deep South, facing arrests and attacks. Paved the way for Voting Rights Act (1965).

4. Freedom Summer (1964)
   
   

   • Massive voter registration campaign in Mississippi. Drew national attention to racial violence and disenfranchisement.

5. “Black Power” Shift (1966)
   
   

   • Under chairman Stokely Carmichael (later Kwame Ture), SNCC emphasized self-determination and pride in Black identity.

Key People (SNCC)

• John Lewis

  • Future Congressman. Organized early sit-ins, Freedom Rides, and spoke at the 1963 March on Washington.

• Diane Nash

  • Early leader in the Nashville Sit-Ins and Freedom Rides. Renowned for nonviolent organizing.

• Ella Baker

  • Often called SNCC’s “spiritual mother.” Advocated grassroots leadership.

• Stokely Carmichael

  • Became chairman in 1966. Popularized “Black Power.”

• Bob Moses

  • Key organizer of Freedom Summer, championed quiet grassroots leadership.

IV. AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT (AIM)

Founding & Overview

• Founded: 1968 in Minneapolis by Dennis Banks, Clyde Bellecourt, George Mitchell

• Purpose: Fight for Native American rights (treaty rights, land protection, cultural renewal, and sovereignty).

Key Events (AIM)

1. Occupation of Alcatraz (1969–1971)
   
   

   • While not solely AIM-led (it involved the group Indians of All Tribes), many AIM activists took part. Claimed the island under the Treaty of Fort Laramie, raising national awareness of Native rights.

2. Trail of Broken Treaties (1972)
   
   

   • Cross-country caravan culminating in a protest in D.C. Activists occupied the Bureau of Indian Affairs offices, demanding treaty rights and policy reform.

3. Occupation of Wounded Knee (1973)
   
   

   • AIM seized control of Wounded Knee (Pine Ridge Reservation, SD) to protest corruption and U.S. government failure to honor treaties. Resulted in a 71-day armed standoff.

Key People (AIM)

• Dennis Banks

  • Co-founder. Key leader of Wounded Knee occupation. Later authored a memoir and worked on preserving Native culture.

• Clyde Bellecourt

  • Co-founder. Involved in Trail of Broken Treaties, Wounded Knee. Later founded social service groups for Native communities.

• George Mitchell

  • Co-founder, focused on urban Native issues (housing, unemployment). Helped plan major protests.

• Russell Means

  • Prominent spokesman, AIM national director. Involved in Alcatraz occupation, Wounded Knee, and the “Trail of Broken Treaties.”

Extra Person of Note:

• Eddie Benton-Banai: Emphasized spiritual/cultural preservation. Founded the Red School House (1972) for Native students.

V. BLACK PANTHER PARTY

(Not extensively covered in the provided resources but likely to appear on a 1960s social reform test.)

Founding & Overview

• Founded: 1966 in Oakland, CA

• Founders: Huey P. Newton & Bobby Seale

• Philosophy: Revolutionary socialism, Black self-defense against police brutality, community programs (free breakfast, health clinics), and a 10-Point Program demanding economic, political, and social justice.

Key Events (Black Panthers)

1. Founding & Open Carry “Policing the Police” (1966–1967)
   
   

   • Panthers openly carried firearms to monitor police brutality in Oakland. Drew national attention.

2. Free Breakfast Program (1969 onward)
   
   

   • Fed thousands of children daily, highlighting social welfare efforts and challenging the government’s neglect of Black communities.

3. COINTELPRO Repression (Late 1960s–1970s)
   
   

   • FBI targeted the party, leading to arrests, infiltrations, and violent conflicts—e.g., the 1969 police raid killing Fred Hampton in Chicago.

Key People (Black Panthers)

• Huey P. Newton

  • Co-founder, Minister of Defense. Major theoretician behind the 10-Point Program.

• Bobby Seale

  • Co-founder, Chairman of the Party. One of the “Chicago Eight/Seven” defendants.

• Eldridge Cleaver

  • Minister of Information. Author of Soul on Ice.

• Fred Hampton

  • Illinois chapter chairman. Organized the “Rainbow Coalition.” Assassinated during a 1969 police raid.

VI. UNITED FARM WORKERS (UFW)

Founding & Overview

• Origins: The merger of two groups, including the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC, led by Larry Itliong) and the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA, led by César Chávez and Dolores Huerta).

• Purpose: Improve wages, working conditions, and rights for farmworkers through nonviolent strikes and boycotts.

Key Events (UFW)

1. Delano Grape Strike (1965–1970)
   
   

   • Began with Filipino farmworkers (led by Larry Itliong). Joined by César Chávez’s group.

   • Ended with grape growers signing union contracts; major labor victory.

2. California Agricultural Labor Relations Act (1975)
   
   

   • Gave farmworkers collective bargaining rights. A direct result of UFW activism.

   • Signed by Governor Jerry Brown.

3. Health & Welfare Initiatives
   
   

   • Robert F. Kennedy Medical Plan (1969): Provided basic healthcare coverage for farmworkers.

   • Juan de la Cruz Pension Plan: Retirement security for aging farmworkers.

   • Credit Union: Helped farmworkers with loans/savings.

Key People (UFW)

• César Chávez

  • Co-founder and iconic leader. Advocated nonviolence; known for fasting to highlight worker struggles.

• Dolores Huerta

  • Co-founder. Negotiated labor contracts, coined “Sí, se puede.”

• Larry Itliong

  • Filipino American labor organizer who initiated the Delano strike.

• Ben Gines

  • Another Filipino labor leader associated with AWOC.

VII. NATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR WOMEN (NOW)

Founding & Overview

• Founded: 1966, primarily by Betty Friedan and Pauli Murray

• Purpose: Advocate for women’s rights (equal pay, reproductive rights, political representation, anti-discrimination) and shape the broader feminist movement of the 1960s–1970s.

Key Events (NOW)

1. Publication of The Feminine Mystique (1963)
   
   

   • By Betty Friedan, sparked the “second wave” of feminism by challenging the idea that women should be only housewives.

2. NOW Bill of Rights (Adopted 1967–1968)
   
   

   • Called for passage of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), equal employment, maternity rights, tax deductions for childcare, and more.

3. Miss America Pageant Protest (1968)
   
   

   • Feminists tossed bras, girdles, etc., into a “Freedom Trash Can” to protest beauty standards and sexism.

4. Push for the ERA (1970s)
   
   

   • Congress passed the ERA in 1972, sending it to states for ratification. It fell short of the required 38 states by the initial deadline (1982).

   • Phyllis Schlafly spearheaded “STOP ERA,” arguing it would eliminate gender-specific privileges (e.g., draft exemptions).

5. March for Women’s Lives
   
   

   • Multiple large-scale marches in D.C. (e.g., 1989, 1992, 2004) protesting threats to reproductive rights.

6. Continued Advocacy:
   
   

   • Violence Against Women Act (1994), Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act (2009), #ResignGoodell campaign (2014), etc.

   • NOW remains active in reproductive rights, fair pay, LGBTQ+ issues, and ongoing attempts to finalize the ERA.

Key People (NOW)

• Betty Friedan

  • Author of The Feminine Mystique. First president of NOW.

• Pauli Murray

  • Co-founder, civil rights attorney, coined “Jane Crow” to describe Black women’s dual discrimination.

• Aileen Hernandez

  • Second president of NOW, first woman on the EEOC.

• Gloria Steinem

  • Founded Ms. Magazine, major media voice of second-wave feminism.

• Shirley Chisholm

  • Founding member of NOW, first Black woman elected to Congress (1968), ran for president in 1972.

• Phyllis Schlafly (Opponent)

  • Conservative activist who led the STOP ERA campaign, which hindered final ratification of ERA.

QUICK-REFERENCE TABLES

Use these condensed tables to quiz yourself. Matching sections often require linking the right person to their movement, or a specific event to the correct group.

A. Key Events by Group

B. Key People by Movement