the rise of absolutism is because of the need for political stability in the wake of long and hard wars giving the kings a newfound justification for power

Nobles align with the king for Special privileges for no aligning with the king

England is exemption

Military/ Buricratic necessity

Military revolution and the rise of a professional army

DEmands centralized organization of army

Constant War far, expanding army, rising cause

demands tax collection

governments develop financial and legal jurisdiction

Expanding governments for

Royal courts to
central government

Theoretical Justification

Reformation theology 1520-1530

Luther's secular lords received authority directly from god
Henry VII's act of supremacy → Anglicanism

French governmental theory: Jean Bodin

Six books on the commonwealth
Devin's right of kings → king is only accountable to gods laws not his own
celebrates the power of the sovereign state

0000English Govermantial Theory Thomes Hobbs

Leviathan(1651) or the commonwealth was written during the English civil war
Vesting in absolute power
built on the idea of human solidarity
not necessarily monarchist
Thomas hobbs→ State of Nature” War On War” → Social Contract, we give up our freedom to have safety
We are bad-natured & will kill

Aesthetic Grandeur and cultural control

Visual Art

Baroque portaiture→king and family super dramatically
Printed propaganda

Government has a hand in anything the public consumes Theaters\church/art

Wars of Louis XIV 1661-1715

Goals →

expand France to the rhine river

Cement France as a hugamon of Europe

France wants to be a Hegamon or concoring land and ruling over people around byproxy

War of Spanish successions

Goal→ put french noble on Spanish throne67

biggest war in euopean history since 30 years war

Charles II dies in 1700 -→the king of frances want to put a bourbon on the throne, Austria says no french does it anyway and starts a 15 year war to keep house of bourbon on throne

outcome →

french get an ally, Austria gets more land that was ruled over by France
France accrues debt and never pays back until french revolution
Contrys that woulde’t form unions do to maintain balance of power
president set that Europe should have a balance of power

Pros and cons of louis’s regin

Pros:

France unquestionably

^^The Scientific revolution^^

Why Modern scince instead of superstion

NO more trust in old superstitions
luther and religous wars exaserbated this proses
scptism

Knowing that you dont know anything is the key to knowledge

Paradime shift -

3 things in a scintific theory
Explanitary Power - explaining power
Predictive Power - prediction power
Simplicty - Be able to explain to other people and easy to undertand

All theorys need to have Explainitary and Predictive powers in order to be applicable

Scince progressses when you have thing they futhers the way we think

Occams Razor - Two ideas with the same conclusions use the one that is simplest

Polematic Paradigm 1/3 - scientific theory points

better then what we knew before, can predict the movement of planets

100 AD - 1550

Geocentric universe (earth in middle)
Super comples model & math
No explanation of motion (based in theology)
evolved arounf being a better and more perfect (lighter
thought that once we moved outward we became lighter and brighter
god likes circles
Why bad
retrograde motion
math is crazy
dose no expian why things happen

Promant people

Aristotle, ptolemey, aquinis

^^Copernican Paradign 2/3 - Scitentific Theroty Points^^

Helocentric Universe 1550-1689

Impoertant people

copericus
tycho brahe
kepler - How speace stuff moves
galilo - church upset bc he says copernius was right / how earth stuff moves

Simpler math (less circles 36 → 6)

Predicts Planitary motion

No explaition for motion

just as accurate but simpler

Galileo trys to prove that copericus was right

Newtonian Paradigm 1689-1903 3/3 Scientific Theroty Point

no center / time and space are infinite and have no center
simple math?
predicts planitary
explans motion

{{The Enlightenment ruffly 1689-1789{{

1689 (glorious revolution & and newton) - 1789 Frech revolution
dominate European cultural movement during the 18th century
attacks on outdated ideas like theology, unearned privilege(feudalism)
ethics by reasons not by faith
Isaac newton set up physics a science of how things move through space

{{Origins of the enlightenment{{

Intellectuals: scientific Revolution → reason can discern all things

Social: the rise of bourgeoise

Political: the success of the British government

Main founding figures; departs, newton, Hobbs, lock

{{Problems with the enlightenment{{

Europeans start to think that progress makes them better than all civilizations

they believed because they were rational they should rule others

intellectual ground work for colonialism

<<The French Enlightenment<< The most radical than other enlightenments

Made of mostly straight political figures -→ called phosphors

the philoshofts are popular writers that wrote for educated people,

Important people and their stuff :

<<Montesquieu: dies 1689 -1755 noble of the robe<<

wrote two good books on France

Persian letters ( critique of the french government, culture, and manners) ((population love thing))
Spirit of the laws( lays out what the ideal guys are and the principal)
\

<<Voltaire (wanted to eradicate ignorance)<<

<<Play write, is invited to salons after his career blows up<<

gets the admiration of nobles in salons

Moves to Britain and he thinks Britain

England

He writes a book called the philosophical letters
makes fun of the systems that are not efficient
it was on things like religious tolerance, open market, and other things

<<Diderot Encyclopdie<<

Openly atheist

believed we are machines

believes in human progression

Important work - The Encyclopdie

A book meant to encapsulate the technology of his time in case of doomsday
and guide to do said things and instruction on how to do said things
also, put political facts of enlightenment in the book as if they are natural
Vailed critiques of France

<<Rousseau<<

Wrote one of the first auto biographies'

educated by Jesuits

swiss

super popular multi-genre writer

Important Works- ideas

is an anti-Hobbesian state of nature (the idea that life is short and brutish) he believes that the state of nature is green and that people shared and lived communally as“noble savages”.
%%private property → oppression%%
%%“Man is born free but everywhere in chains”%%
believes in progression in order to make things civil again
believes that we should decide equally or should conform to the majority opinion of what most people want this is called %%“The General will”%%
No one knows how to understand the general will or what we all want or how to get to a consensus
%%The social contract “Individuals are free to do whatever they want as long as%%
\
1. donse’t conflict with the general will
\
1. dosen’t limit other people’s freedom

<<Olympe De Gouges<< popular play write,novlest,and essayist

all works have clear political messages

neo-socialist

Ideals/important works

Rights for women rights, children’s rights,

against slavery, imperialism, debt peonage

progressive

<<Germaine de Steal<<

Grew up in the higher parts of french society

great education

Important stuff

pro women rights
anti-colonialism
argues that pop. soc is not possible without a uniform national identity
argues for the start of a real german state before it was cool
left France after meeting napoleon
supports nationalism

}}Other important stuff happening during this time}}

The French government is funding the sciences

%%physiocrats-%% %%economic beliefs%%

the main purpose of government econ policy is to grow econ

against mercantilist policy(government should control most of econ)
increasing efficiency instead of controlling the entire industry
makes trade with outer counties make sence

but they also believe that the only way to build econ is to grow agriculture

they believed that as long as fewer people are making food more people will do other good things for the economy

@@Chemistry@@

the king of France funds chemistry

funds sciences to research and invent

Important scientist - @@Lavoisier@@

study combustions

leads to production of cheap and useable @@Gun Powerder@@

<<The English and Scottish enlightenment<<

not a very radical they

@@empiricism@@ data over theory

focused on @@empiricism@@- observation over theory

@@Utilitarianism@@

“the ends justify the means'“ or '“ the grater good”
they believe that people should think deeply about their actions and they impact your actions
were @@hedonists@@ :pleasure = good ; pain= bad
hedonist Calculus,
political impact; opposed slavery (pleasure slavery wealth can’t make up for pain) women’s rights(equality bc emotions) democracy( peoples rights make us happy)
important people Jeremy Bentham, James mill

important people

}}David Hume 1711-1776}}

pure theory can’t give us any worthwhile ideas

things we can’t know

objective morality
god
metaphysics- the idea that we can’t know about our reality

things we can know

history
some human nature (lazy, don’t like dieing or pain)

}}Adam Smith}}

Does not believe in unregulated capitalism

no government = no capitalism

we need some gov .intervention to be capitalist

philology prof.

@@Beliefs@@

@@how markets come into being@@

from governments
the free markets req these things (protection of property from theft and outside invasion)
no army = no protection = no market
prevent/punish fraud and monopoly
infrastructure (law & people/ orgs. to support law

@@how markets work@@

selfish competition(peaceful) -→ firms compete to supply desired products
price of the product determined by the “law” of supply and demand
@@increasing economic efficiency@@
more comp = more efficiency
division of labor- making large hard jobs small and easy

He is not entirely pro-capitalist, small and easy jobs are efficient but may have bad repercussions on human mental health

}}Mary Wollstonecraft}} Women should have rights

men argued that women are not as rational

argued that if women were given the same education will be able to perform the same or outperform

<<The German Enlightenment<<

centered in university and princely courts(funded by government and needs to adhere to protestant and monarchy standards, also needs to be nationalist)

politically conservative (more interested in how the problems come about than fixing them)

responding to French and English enlightenments'

Germany broke up into small states

{{Important people{{

\
}}Immanuel Kant}}

Beliefs

wrote this crisis from David Humes's books- that we can’t really know anything at all that isn't math
@@he wanted to further understand coupled with his conservative upbringing tried to pursue an understanding of “pure reson”.@@
his response to this crisis was that our minds “ create perceived reality”
believes time, space, and number all exist in our minds
because our mind creates the world we Can know the world
also argues that we can’t know what exist outside of us
@@teaches our human mortality is tied to a human belief that god keeps us holy or clean@@
opposed to utilitarianism idea believes in @@deontology@@ - universal ethical rules, the ends never justify the mean when it hurts anyone
\

{{Late 17th - Eighteenth-century, social changes{{

}}demographic change (more people, fewer deaths, same births)}}

declining death rate(more food people are more well nourished)
improved supply chains (food moves where it needs to be)
the potato!!!!
less chaotic warfare (change from mercenary(blood thirsty and hungry) warfare to state-run well-trained men with a case they live by)
the agricultural revolution(west), Internal colonization (east)

}}Stable birth rates}}

}}upper-class control family size}}
lower classes begin to marry earlier, but also practice birth control and infanticide

}}The Malthusian cycle}}

mathus- population will always grow faster than the food supply → population is controlled by crisis or government
Europe breaks this cycle

}}Poverty; increasing pressure on lower classes}}

land concentrated in the hands of the wealthy
rising prices of food

decreasing demand for labor

}}Urbanization more food fewer farmers→ excess population moves to the cities (for emigrates)}}

populations of cities population skyrockrtsskyrockets
Urban social problems

}}poor vagrants flood citys→ theft, prostitution}}

city governments try to fix social problems
founding hospitals (homes for poor people)
Workhouses (get a job place to sleep and food)
prisons
euopes’s exports poor people to other places
\

}}Social elites}} nobility is still powerful and rich

}}lifestyle (land nobles)}}

agricultural income @@only income@@
the rural estate
life without manual labor
code of honor

}}Social and legal privilege}}

representation
tax exemption
judicial preferences
manners of dress

The Bourgeoisie

@@The Haute Bourgeois@@

International bankers and merchants
manufacturers
successful professionals

@@The petty bourgeoise@@

shopkeepers
craftsmen
small time money lenders

@@New values@@

education (obsession with education and preserving privilege from generation to generation )
family (intimate and close family with interactions)

}}Outcomes}}

the nobility reject enlightenment ideals

in the 1700s the bourgeoisie started attacking the noble instead of trying to basically be them

all higher class people water to display wealth

}}Literacy and the public share}}

upper class;

salons - mass socilisation
academics -
theater and opera -

Middle class and lower class;

coffee and tea houses (new to Europe) mass socialization
taverns - political ideas
lending library

The literate public ;

newspapers ----→
magazines ---→
pamphlets----→

effect on ==the public== →

people read now, more social concessions (enlightenment)
the emergence of ^^national consciousness, people engage with media and start to Identify with their country^^
this was shaped around linguistic lines
people started to speak the popular main city dialects the books were written in
these crates’ actual national identity

<<Artistic Trends<<

dominant artistic trends of the french elite 18th century

^^Racoco-^^

an elaborate display of wealth and elaborate stuff
playful decorative, domestic, sensual
non-political and secualr
criticized as a frivolous, purely elitist art

Important dude

Fragonard- a lady on a swing

^^Neo-classism^^

emphasis on simplicity
a return to the renaissance: balance and proportion
enlightenment rendering of important sentiments
you should sacrifice yourself for your society

Important person

Jacquez Louis devil

\n [[War and politics in 1700s[[

The political and economic trends

[[economic and demographic expansion[[

the rapid growth of cities and commerce → inequality and overcrowding

the rise of enlightened despotism → monarchy ruled on the basis of fear

eco economic competition,mercantilism, and colonial wars

war is now seen as a '“rational” struggle between great power (France, Britain, Prussia, Russia) un even alliances

[[French politics[[

%%Louis xv%% ruled from 1715-1774

committed french dominance of central Europe
compete with England and the Netherlands for colonial and maritime supremacy and massive express
madame pompadour main martyr for elitism during the enlightenment
splitting militaristic power causes no real regional dominance
regime becoming illegitimate in the new press
\

[[British politics[[ %%The house of lords%%- made of old-school nobles

%%the house of common%% - enough money and are a man

weak kings (they keep inviting foreign protestants to be king)

Georges %%the dukes of Hanover%%

George I 1714-1727

George ii 1727

George iii

Political party

[[whings -[[

constitution monarchy and econ. reform

pro-capitalism mercantilist ion

expand empire

[[tories -[[

traditional economy and government

stronger king

The

}}Russian history}}

Background: founded by Vikings,(900 ad),conquered by Mongols

post-Mongol ruler Ivan III marries las byzantine emperor’s daughter he claims the throne after falling of constantopal
%%claims to be the new true home to Christianity (eastern orthodox)%%
Vikings stayed put after some trading and became the first Russian city
becomes the largest land empires
upper class =warriors loyal to the czar called %%boyars%% (they were not actually nobles and had not rights)
Lower class = slaves in all but names (can be sold and gambled)
%%cut off Europe → misses out on renssice and world trade%%, Russia expends instead

<<Peter the Great<<

manic; seemed to have unlimited energy, constantly learning and seeking new ideas and amusements
gregarious; riotous parties
cruel tortured and kill anyone who opposed him
%%made Russia a real power%%
czar at age 10
obsession with ships
real-life toy soldiers with him as general (later he reforms and modernizes the army)
modernizes the army with Austrian ideas)
at age of 17 arrests his half-sister and claims full power
immediately decades war on turkey( they lose)
peter tours Russia for ideas for state building
wants to replicate European skills

<<founds a Russian government, based on European values<<

heavy beard tax
traditional clothes banned
institutes western diet, dentistry, and medicine
Makes Russia westernize
reforms the old Russian army from the top down

He figures out that he needs %%[w]()orld trade%% to modernize (based on large empires)

Declares war aginst Sweeden

what is now St Petersburg conquers and begins making his great city

%%Russian nobles before and after peter%%

nobles now viewed themselves as European elite instead Mongol-like warlords.
other people outside these pockets are still medieval
sanit Petersburg exacerbates Russia-English trade
made peaants plant potatos

}}Cathrine the grate}}

after a string of six-week rulers
stages a coup against her idiot husband and has him murdered (her husband lost the 7 years war)
rationalization without democratization
rules 1762-1786

<<internal reform - blend between enlightenment and despotism<<

is for enlightened absolutism
reform of legal cade
division of Russia into governmental units controlled by noblemen
noble men are in control provinces control day to day
advocates for more human government
Charter of nobility(1785) ((she wants the nobles to be people of the bureaucracy)) ((she need other to do things))
educational reforms ((university,seminary,army school / need to make homegrown people who are smart,and can do things))
immigration into productive, taxable realistic(now Ukraine is the bread basket of Russia)this is %%internal colonization%%
continuation of serfdom

<<foreign policy<<

%%a successful war against the Turks%%

access to the black sea
tension with Austria over the baltic territories

%%partition of Poland%%

annexes large parts of Poland along with Prussia and Austria
brought into direct contact with major European powers

%%Pugachavs revolution%%

widespread peasant unrest
takes over swaths of south Russia
rushed by czarist forces

<<After her<<

Largest army in Europe
organized state
economy still backward

}}Prussian stuff}}

%%HRE 1648-1715%%

shifting the balance of power

1648; peace of Westfalia

decline of imperial authority

Habsburgs shifts focus

consolidating power
seige of veinna
Hungary

<<The emergence of Brandenburg- Prussia<<

@@The great elector 1640-1688@@

the destruction of Brandenburg
devotion of of per to the state
Brandenburg will now have a very effective military to protect itself

%%Centralization%%

taxes the towns
tame the nobles
train the army
conscription

Results: a bureaucratic militaristic state

@@Fredrick I 1688-1713 now “the king in Prussia “ Got a bunch of land and made the duchy a kingdom now@@

<<Fredrick William I<<

1713-1744

Stingy, calculating, and effective

{{“the soldier king”{{

the nobles(junkers)now serve as officers
each wealthy male registers with a landlord for draft
military spending of 70%

{{Peace and Surplus{{

avoids conflict
builds army
increases tax revenue
cuts state expenses

{{A fathers legacy{{ he verbally abuses his son

bequest

<<Frederick II The great<<

1740 -86

Western cultural interest

Francophile -
Sanssouci - boy palace
enlightened administration
the photos again
first servant of the state (he claims that he is not the state and that get is the head of the empire)

a military prince

views war as rational struggle( believes that’s just what states do)

uses the army given by father to double Prussia s size