AP Chemistry: Memorize!

Concepts and equations that are not on the reference sheet that you need to memorize for the AP Chemistry exam. Designed to be studied from in both directions. You do not memorize other equations or constants because the necessary ones are on the reference sheet. You also don't need to know the polyatomic ions.

VSEPR geometry and angle

2 bonding groups
0 lone pairs

how many bonding groups/lone pairs for linear (180°) geometry

VSEPR geometry and angle

3 bonding groups
0 lone pairs

how many bonding groups/lone pairs for trigonal planar (180°) geometry

VSEPR geometry and angle

4 bonding groups
0 lone pairs

how many bonding groups/lone pairs for tetrahedral (109.5°) geometry

VSEPR geometry and angle

5 bonding groups

0 lone pairs

how many bonding groups/lone pairs for trigonal bipyramidal (120°, 90°) geometry

VSEPR geometry and angle

6 bonding groups

0 lone pairs

how many bonding groups/lone pairs for octahedral (90°) geometry

VSEPR geometry and angle

2 bonding groups

1 lone pair

how many bonding groups/lone pairs for bent (< 120°) geometry

VSEPR geometry and angle

3 bonding groups

1 lone pair

how many bonding groups/lone pairs for trigonal pyramidal (120°) geometry

VSEPR geometry and angle

4 bonding groups

1 lone pair

how many bonding groups/lone pairs for seesaw (< 120°, < 90°) geometry

VSEPR geometry and angle

5 bonding groups

1 lone pair

how many bonding groups/lone pairs for square pyramidal (< 90°) geometry

VSEPR geometry and angle

2 bonding groups

2 lone pairs

how many bonding groups/lone pairs for bent (104.5°) geometry

VSEPR geometry and angle

3 bonding groups

2 lone pairs

how many bonding groups/lone pairs for T-shaped (< 90°) geometry

VSEPR geometry and angle

4 bonding groups

2 lone pairs

how many bonding groups/lone pairs for square planar (90°) geometry

strong acids/bases do what in aqueous solution

type of acid/base that ionizes completely in aqueous solution

strong acids

HBr, HCl, HI (Berkeley)

HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4

strong bases

group (column) 1 and 2 hydroxides (OH)

hybridization with two electron domains (bonds and lone pairs)

sp has how many electron domains

hybridization with three electron domains (bonds and lone pairs)

sp² has how many electron domains

hybridization with four electron domains (bonds and lone pairs)

sp³ has how many electron domains

molecules that exhibit hydrogen bonding have:

molecules with O—H, N—H, H—F bonds are capable of:

microwave radiation causes:

rotating molecules are affected by:

infrared radiation causes:

vibrating molecules are affected by:

ultraviolet and visible light cause:

electrons are promoted to higher energy levels or ionized, or covalent bonds are broken by:

ionic compounds will be soluble if they contain:

ionic compounds with Na+, K+, NH4+, NO3- are:

percent error formula

|calculated answer - correct answer| / correct answer × 100%

dilution/titration equation

M1V1 = M2V2 (same with acid/base)

at the half-equivalence point of a titration:

pH = pKa and the acid/base concentrations are equal at:

acids are stronger and bases are weaker when:

if there are more oxygens and a higher electronegativity then:

ΔH < 0

exothermic

ΔH > 0

endothermic

ΔG < 0

thermodynamically favorable

ΔG > 0

not thermodynamically favored

in a galvanic cell, reduction (gaining electrons) occurs:

the cathode’s electrons are:

in a galvanic cell, oxidation (losing electrons) occurs:

the anode’s electrons are:

this side of a galvanic cell increases in mass

the mass of the cathode:

electrons move through a wire from:

anode to cathode

in a salt bridge, ___ move towards the anode and ___ move towards the cathode

in a salt bridge, anions move towards ___ and cations move towards ____