Page 1: Basic Assessment

Key Concepts

• DOMS: Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness.

• Directional Terms:

  • The chin is inferior to the forehead.

• Planes of the Human Body: 3 planes are:

  1. Sagittal Plane: Divides body into left and right.

  2. Frontal (Coronal) Plane: Divides body into anterior and posterior.

  3. Transverse Plane: Divides body into superior and inferior.

• Characteristics of Muscles:

  1. Contractility

  2. Excitability

  3. Extensibility

  4. Elasticity

• Tendonitis: Inflammation of a tendon; A tendon connects muscle to bone, while a ligament connects bone to bone.

• SOAP: Stands for Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan.

• Joint Classification:

  • Classified into fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.

  • Types of Synovial Joints:

    • Hinge, ball-and-socket, pivot, saddle, plane, and condyloid joints.

Healing and Rehab

• Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Activity:

  • Aerobic: Requires oxygen (e.g., running);

  • Anaerobic: Does not require oxygen (e.g., sprinting).

• Heat and Cold Therapy:

  • Uses: Reduce pain & inflammation, promote blood flow (heat), reduce swelling (cold).

  • Avoid: Heat if swelling is present; cold if blood flow is needed.

• Tissues in Human Body:

  • Types: Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous.

  • Functions: Protects (epithelial), supports (connective), enables movement (muscle), transmits signals (nervous).

• Graft Choices for ACL Surgery:

  • Autografts (like patellar tendon, hamstring tendon) or allografts.

• Inflammation:

  • Occurs due to injury or infection; good for healing, bad if chronic or excessive.

• Grades of Ligament Sprain:

  1. Grade I: Mild, slight stretching.

  2. Grade II: Moderate, partial tear.

  3. Grade III: Severe, complete tear.

• Muscle Contractions:

  • Types: Isometric, concentric, eccentric.

• Injuries:

  • Minor (sprains) vs. severe (fractures).

• Chemical Mediators for Healing:

  • Include histamines, prostaglandins—function in promoting inflammation and healing.

Upper Extremity

• Major Ligaments of the Shoulder:

  • Glenohumeral ligament (humerus to glenoid),

  • Coracoacromial ligament (acromion to coracoid process).

• Bony Attachments of the Elbow:

  • Humerus, ulna, radius; muscles: biceps, triceps.

• Elbow Joint Type:

  • Hinge joint allowing flexion and extension.

• Shoulder Joint Type:

  • Ball-and-socket joint allowing a wide range of motion.

• Carpal Bones:

  • Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate.

• Shoulder Joint Instability:

  • Loose ligaments and shallow socket.

• Strengthening Exercises:

  • Elbow/Wrist: Curls and extensions;

  • Shoulder: Rotator cuff strengthening exercises.

• Common Injuries:

  • Wrist/Hand: Sprains, fractures; signs: pain, swelling; treatments: RICE, splinting.

  • Elbow: Tendonitis, fractures; signs: inflammation, tenderness; treatments: rest, physical therapy.

  • Shoulder: Dislocations, rotator cuff injuries; signs: pain, limited motion; treatments: rest, surgery if severe.

• Rotator Cuff Muscles: Subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor; symptoms of strain: pain and weakness.

Page 2: Head and Face

Key Concepts

• SIS: Second Impact Syndrome; occurs when a second concussion is sustained before the first one has fully healed.

• Baseline vs. Post Concussion Tests:

  • Baseline Tests: Establish normal cognitive functioning (e.g., ImPACT);

  • Post-Concussion Tests: Measure cognitive functioning after injury (e.g., SCAT).

• HOPS: History, Observation, Palpation, Special tests.

• Signs/Symptoms of Concussion: Headache, confusion, dizziness, nausea, sensitivity to light/noise.