Inför prov i Historia om epokerna, vecka 38

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Last updated 5:58 PM on 9/14/23
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45 Terms

1
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Mellan vilka år varade forntiden?

Mellan 200 000 fvt - 700 fvt

2
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Vilka begrepp är K:et för Forntiden? Hur var det inom kultur, religion och vetenskap?

Polyteism: Man trodde på många gudar och religionen var väldigt viktig.

Homo sapiens: Under forntiden når homo sapiens Europa och ett tag därefter dör Neandertalarna ut, vilket leder till att bara Homo sapiens finns kvar på jorden.

3
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Vilka begrepp är E:et för Forntiden? Hur var det inom ekonomin?

Byteshandel: Under Forntiden hade man inte penningshushållning, alltså att man betalade med vanliga pengar utan istället byteshandel.

Hög/flodkulturer: Under denna tiden växer flodkulturer, alltså samhällen runt stora floder fram. En finns vid Nilen i Egypten.

Jordbruksrevolutionen: Eller den neolitiska revolutionen, äger rum, och vi lär oss att odla och blir bofasta.

4
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Vilka begrepp är P:et för forntiden? Hur var det inom politiken?

Slaveri: Ett slavsamhälle finns i Egypten där slavarna bland annat bygger pyramider.

Diktatur: I Egypten råder diktatur, den första stora diktaturen någonsin.

Farao: I Egypten finns en farao och Egypten är en centralstat vilken innebär att Faraon har kontroll över hela riket.

5
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Vilka begrepp är S:et för forntiden? Hur var det socialt?

Slaveri

Kvinnor begränsade rättigheter och liv

Jordbruksrevolutionen: Påverkar även socialt då kvinnor nu blir allt mer bundna till hemmet vilket är en faktor för ojämlikheten mellan könen.

6
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Person:

HATSHEPSUT

Hatshepsut har man i efterhand, för inte så länge sedan, upptäckt var en kvinnlig farao i Egypten. När hon dog rensade hennes svärson bort alla bevis på hennes existens då han inte ville att det skulle komma fram att Egypten haft en kvinnlig farao och att kvinnor kunde styra riken. Han skapade redan då en sorts struktur av ojämlikhet mellan könen.

7
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Vad är den stora förändringen under Forntiden?

Människor blir bofasta och börjar odla, alltså reser man inte längre runt och jagar som man innan gjorde, utan stannar på en och samma plats.

8
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Varför skedde förändringen och vilken typ av orsak var det?

Pågrund av jordbruksrevolutionen. (Materialistisk orsak)

9
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Vad har vi idag kvar från forntiden?

Skriftspråket, Skatter, Samhällsklasser

10
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Mellan vilka år varade Antikens Grekland?

Mellan 700-300 fvt.

11
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Vilka begrepp är K:et för antikens grekland? Hur var det kulturellt?

Polyteism och grekisk mytologi: Man tror på många gudar och även de grekiska gudarna.

Filosofi

Matematik

Naturvetenskap

12
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Vilka begrepp är E:et för antikens grekland? Hur var det inom ekonomin?

Penninghushållning: Eftersom man nu kan räkna har man penninghushållning istället för byteshandel.

13
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Vilka begrepp är P:et för antikens grekland? Hur var det inom politiken?

Stadsstater: Stadsstater är självstyrande städer men tillhör ändå det Grekiska riket då de har gemenskap tack vare den gemensamma kulturen och språket.

Demokrati: I Aten börjar man med den första formen av demokrati, men slavar och kvinnor får inte rösta.

Monarki: Man har monarki, alltså kung och drottning

Aristokrati: Makten tillhör en privilegierad adlig elit.

Militär diktatur: I stadsstaten Sparta har man militär diktatur istället för demokrati.

14
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Vilka begrepp är S:et för antikens grekland? Hur var det socialt?

Slaveri

15
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Person:

PERIKLES & ASPASIA:

Perkiles är en känd atenare och en bra retoriker. Han är rik och tillhör aristokratin. Var gift men skilde sig och blev kär i Aspasia. Aspasia är varken rik eller infödd atenare. Hon är hetär och ställdes tillslut till rätta då hon var väldigt frispråkig. Dock lyckades Perkiles fria henne med ett tal.

(Aristoteles och Sokrates)

16
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Vilken var den stora förändringen under antikens Grekland?

Den nya vetenskapen och de nya tankesätten.

17
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Varför skedde förändringen?

Pågrund av kända vetenskapsmän (aktörer)

Pågrund av slavsämhället. När man hade slavar till många arbetsuppgifter fanns det andra som kunde hålla på med vetenskapliga upptäckter. (struktur, idealistiskt,aktör)

18
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Vad har vi kvar från antikens grekland idag?

Vetenskap, Naturvetenskap, Filosofi, Matematik, Demokrati, Retorik, Skrifter och historier, Arkitektur

19
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Under vilka år varade den romerska antiken?

Mellan 500 fvt - 476 evt

20
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Vilka begrepp är K:et för Romerska antiken? Hur var det kulturellt?

Kristendom: Jesus föds år 0 och Kristendomen uppstår men uppskattas inte då man anser att endast kejsaren ska dyrkas.

Jesus

Latin: Man börjar tala Latin

21
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Vilka begrepp är E:et för romerska antiken? Hur var det inom ekonomin?

Penninghushållning

22
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Vilka begrepp är P:et för romerska antiken? Hur var det inom politiken?

Kejsare

Imperium: Romarriket är ett imperium, alltså en stor stat som omfattar många olika nationaliteter.

Diktatur

Republik

Centralmakt

Senat: I romarriket fanns en senat med 300 rika män som bestämde över bland annat krig

23
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Vilka begrepp är S:et för romerska antiken? Hur var det socialt?

Slaveri

Dåliga förhållanden för kvinnor

24
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Person:

JULIUS CAESAR

Tog över makten i Rom men blev senare mördad av romarrikets senat. Hade en affär med egyptiska Kleopatra.

25
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Vad är den stora förändringen?

  1. Kristendomen uppstår

  2. Romarriket expanderas

26
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Varför skedde den?

  1. Jesus föds (aktör)

  2. Stadsstaterna i Grekland är splittrade och därför enklare att ta över (materialistiskt) Vägar och handelssystem möjliggör en spridning av romersk kultur och språk (materialistiskt, idealistiskt) Stark stat (aktörer)

27
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Vad har vi kvar idag från romerska antiken?

Arkitektur, Lagar, Latinska språket

28
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Mellan vilka år varade äldre medeltiden?

Mellan 476-1000

29
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Vilka begrepp är K:et för äldre medeltiden? Hur var det kulturellt?

Islam: Islam sprids nu i bland annat Saudiarabien och enar folket i arabvärlden.

Arabiska guldåldern: Man kallar en viss del av medeltiden för arabiska guldåldern då Saudiarabien blir ett centrum för mycket vetenskap.

Katolicism: Katolicism sprids och den katolska kyrkan blir rikare och rikare pågrund av skatten som behöver betalas till påven i Rom.

Kloster: I kloster levde munkar och nunnor.

Påven i Rom: Den enda centralmakten som finns kvar i Europa är hos påven i Rom.

30
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Vilka begrepp är E:et för äldre medeltiden? Hur var det ekonomiskt?

Naturahushållning: De flesta är bönder och behöver odla sin mat själva.

31
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Vilka begrepp är P:et för äldre medeltiden? Hur var det politiskt?

Feodalism: En hierarki mellan kungen, adeln, prästerna och borgare och bönderna där kungen står högst men inte har mest makt. Snarare uppbyggt på “Tjänster och gentjänster”.

32
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Vilka begrepp är S:et för äldre medeltiden? Hur var det socialt?

Folkvandring

Feodalistiskt klassamhälle

33
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Vilken var den stora förändringen?

  1. Gud börjar spela i mycket större roll och den katolska kyrkan växer sig större.

  2. Det blir ett feodalistiskt samhälle

34
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Varför skedde förändringen?

  1. Den katolska kyrkan får mer pengar och makt, (Materialistisk), fler börjar tro på gud (idealistiskt)

  2. Efter romerska antiken var kungadömena överlag väldigt svaga och därmed behövde även kungarna ha medhjälpare. Därför uppkom feodalism, systemet med “tjänster och gentjänster”. (Aktör: romariket), (Struktur: ändrad samhällsstruktur efter romarrikets fall)

35
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Person:

Profeten Muhammed

36
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Mellan vilka år varade hög och senmedeltiden?

Mellan 1100-1400

37
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Vilka begrepp är K:et för denna tid? Hur var det kulturellt?

Korståg: påven startar brutala korståg för att så kallat “befria” Palestina från Islam. Korstågen skedde också på grund av rikedomarna i arabvärlden som man ville ha.

Kyrkan

Katolicism

Geocentrisk världsbild: Innebär att man trodde att jorden var i mitten och alla planeter, inklusive solen, snurrade runt jorden.

38
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Vilka begrepp är E:et för denna tid? Hur var det ekonomiskt?

Borgare

Digerdöden: En hemsk sjukdom som dock gjorde så att de som överlevde fick det bättre ekonomiskt då de kunde ställa högre krav, bland annat då det inte fanns lika mycket arbetskraft kvar.

Feodalism

Hansan

39
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Vilka begrepp är P:et för denna tid? Hur var det politiskt?

Borgare: Borgare mer makt

Feodalismens slut

40
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Vilka begrepp är S:et för denna tid? Hur var det socialt?

Borgare

Digerdöden: En hemsk sjukdom som dock gjorde så att de som överlevde fick det bättre ekonomiskt då de kunde ställa högre krav, bland annat då det inte fanns lika mycket arbetskraft kvar.

Feodalism

41
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Person:

Marco Polo:

Beger sig ut på äventyr till Kina och tar med sig gåvor därifrån hem till Påven som ville sluta handelsavtal med landet. I Kina upptäcker Marco Polo hur mycket längre fram de är i sin utveckling jämfört med resten av världen.

42
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Vilken var den stora förändringen?

Feodalismen går mot sitt slut och kungarna får mer makt igen och även borgarna.

43
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Varför skedde förändringen?

Fedodalismen går mot sitt slut och därför blir kungamakten starkare igen (Struktur)

Penninghushållningen ökar vilket innebär att kungen kan införa skatter och anställa tjänstemän mot lön. Valde gärna borgarna som medarbetare för att bli mer oberoende av adeln, därför fick borgarna mer makt. (Aktör, idealistiskt, materialistiskt)

44
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Vad har vi idag kvar från medeltiden?

Klassamhälle, Islam,

45
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Explore top notes

Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
Updated 490d ago
note Note
Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
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