2b: Cell structure

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30 Terms

1

nucleus

contains genetic material enclosed in a nuclear membrane

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2

cytoplasm

liquid substance in which chemical reactions occur, contains enzymes and organelles

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3

cell membrane

controls what enters and exits the cell

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4

mitochondria

where aerobic respiration occurs, proving energy for the cells

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5

ribosomes

site of protein synthesis within the rough endoplasmic reticulum

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6

chloroplasts

site of photosynthesis containing chlorophyll

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7

permanent vacuole

contains cell sap, found within cytoplasm and improves cell rigidity

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8

cell wall

a wall of cellulose that provides strength to the cell

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9

which of these is found ONLY in animal cells?

nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes

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10

which of these is found ONLY in plant cells?

chloroplasts, permanent vacuole, cell wall

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11

specialised cells

cells that have developed certain characteristics to carry out particular functions

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12

how do cells specialise?

they undergo differentiation

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13

differentiation

process involving the cell gaining new sub-cellular structures for it to be suited to its role

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14

differentiation in animals

mostly only once

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15

differentiation in plants

most cells can retain this ability

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16

specialised cells in animals

  • sperm cells

  • nerve cells

  • muscle cells

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17

sperm cells

function: carry male's DNA to the egg cell for reproduction

  • streamlined head and long tail for swimming

  • many mitochondria to supply energy to move

  • acrosome with digestive enzymes to break down outer layers of egg cell

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18

nerve cells

function: transmit signals from one place to another in the body

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19

muscle cells

function: specialise to contract and expand quickly

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20

specialised cells in plants

  • root hair cells

  • xylem cells

  • phloem cells

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21

root hair cells

function: take up water by osmosis and mineral ions by active transport

  • large surface area for more absorption

  • permanent vacuole to speed up movement

  • mitochondria for energy for active transport

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22

xylem cells

function: transports water and mineral ions from roots to shoots

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23

phloem cells

function: carries products of photosynthesis to all parts of the plant

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24

stem cell

undifferentiated cell that can undergo division to produce many similar cells

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25

types of stem cells

  • embryonic

  • adult stem cells

  • meristems (plants)

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26

embryonic stem cells

  • form when egg and sperm fuse to form zygote

  • can differentiate into any type of cell

  • can be cloned

  • could replace insulin-producing cells

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27

adult stem cells

if found in bone marrow can form many types of cells

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28

meristems

  • found in root and shoot tips

  • can differentiate into any type of plant

  • can differentiate throughout plant life

  • can be used to make plant clones

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29

benefits of stem cells in medicine

  • replace damage cells

  • bone marrow transplants (treat blood cell cancers)

  • can grow organs for transplant

  • no rejection (if made from patient)

  • allows testing without animals

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30

risks of stem cells in medicine

  • ethical issues (unused embryos)

  • no guarantee of success

  • possible long term effects

  • mutations

  • difficult to find donors

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