"Mad" Anthony Wayne: Revolutionary war soldier and commander in chief of the U.S. Army from 1792-1796, he secured the Treaty of Greenville after soundly defeating the Miami Confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers.

10th Amendment: The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

3/5ths clause: the clause that stated that slaves counted as 3/5 of a person when speaking of state population for representation

Alexander Hamilton: 1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798: passed by Federalists, signed by President Adams;; increased waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years, empowered president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens, & made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials.

anti-Federalists: Opponents of the American Constitution at the time when the states were contemplating its adoption.

Articles of Confederation: 1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

Bank of the US: The central bank of the nation designed to facilitate the issuance of a stable national currency and to provide a convenient means of exchange for the people. The bank was responsible for providing the nation economic stability.

bicameral legislation: legislature made up of 2 houses, the House of Representatives and the Senate

Bill of Rights: The first ten amendments to the Constitution

cabinet: Advisory council for the president consisting of the heads of the executive departments, the vice president, and a few other officials selected by the president.

Citizen Genet: French minister to the US, broke rules of diplomacy by appealing directly to Americans

Compromise of 1790: Jefferson, Hamilton and Madison agreed to a compromise. Northern votes would support a permanent national capital on the Potomac River, Madison would find the southern votes to pass debt assumption plan, states with smaller debts would get a federal grant to equalize the different. Generally speaking, the North had greater war debts than the South. The capital would move to Philly for 10 years and then a federal city on Potomac.

Constitutional Convention: Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States.

Democratic Republicans: Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

Elastic Clause; Article 1, Section 8: congress can exercise powers not specifically stated in the constitution of those powers are "necessary and proper" for carrying out its expressed powers that are specifically stated

electoral college: A group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president

federalism: A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Federalist #10: An essay composed by James Madison which argues that liberty is safest in a large republic because many interests (factions) exist. Such diversity makes tyranny by the majority more difficult since ruling coalitions will always be unstable.

French Revolution: The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

George Washington: 1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

hard money: campaign contributions donated directly to candidates

James Madison: "Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

Jay's Treaty: Treaty signed in 1794 between the U.S. And Britain in which Britain sought to improve trade relations and agreed to withdraw from forts in the northwest territory

Jefferson Republicans: Begun by Jefferson and Madison, the Jeffersonians regretted the bloodshed of the French Revolution, but believed it to be a cheap price for human freedom. The Jeffersonians also believed that America should honor the Franco-American alliance of 1778. This is one of the first examples of 2 political parties that later developed into harsh rivalries that are now known as the Democrats and Republicans.

John Adams: America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

John Jay: 1st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, negotiated with British for Washington

Judiciary Act 1801: a law that increased the number of federal judges, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists

Judith Sargent Murray: Female rights activist following the revolution who argued that the brain is not a sex organ. She wrote "On the Equality of Sexes".

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions: Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Land Act of 1796: Doubled the price of an acre of federal land to $2, and reduced the time to pay, making land less accessible to ordinary settlers.

Land Ordinance Act of 1784: Drafted by Jefferson in which he urged the states to drop their competing claims to Indian held territory west so that it could be dived evenly across 14 territories

New Jersey Plan: A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress

Newburgh Conspiracy: a plan by Continental Army officers to challenge the authority of the Confederation Congress, arising from their frustration with Congress's long-standing inability to meet its financial obligations to the military.

Northwest Ordinance: a law passed by Congress in 1787 that specified how western lands would be governed

Pinckney's Treaty: agreement between the united states and spain that changed floridas border and made it easier for american ships to use the port of new orleans

public domain: the state of belonging or being available to the public as a whole, and therefore not subject to copyright.

Quasi War: Undeclared naval war of 1797 to 1800 between the United States and France

Report on Manufactures: A proposal written by Hamilton promoting protectionism in trade by adding tariffs to imported goods in order to protect American industry Though congress did not do anything with it, the report later influenced later industrial policies.

Reports on Public Credit: Hamilton's report that contained recommendations that would at once strengthen the country's credit, enable it to defer paying its debt, and entice wealthy investors to place their capital at its service

republicanism: A form of government in which people elect representatives to create and enforce laws

Robert Morris: an American merchant and a signer to the United States Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the United States Constitution. Significance: He played an important role in personally financing the American side in the Revolutionary War from 1781 to 1784. Hence, he came to be known as the 'Financier of the Revolution'.

separation of powers: Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law

Shay's Rebellion: A 1787 rebellion in which ex-Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes

The Critical Period: an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

The Federalist Papers: A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.

Thomas Jefferson: 3rd President of the United States

Virginian Plan: Plan that proposed two houses both based on population.

Washington's Farewell: Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism.

Whiskey Rebellion: 1794 protest against the government's tax on whiskey by backcountry farmers

Wilderness Road: A road that traveled westward over the Appalachian Mountains into Kentucky

XYZ Affair: 1798 - A commission had been sent to France in 1797 to discuss the disputes that had arisen out of the U.S.'s refusal to honor the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. President Adams had also criticized the French Revolution, so France began to break off relations with the U.S. Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress.

Land Ordinance of 1785: A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.