Risk: Align the service intensity with the offender's static risk level.
Need: Focus primarily on criminogenic demands (needs that are directly associated to recidivism).
General Responsivity: Employ evidence-based behavioral, social learning, and cognitive-behavioral treatment strategies.
Specific Responsivity: Tailor the style and model of service to the context and to the relevant qualities of individual offenders, including their strengths, motivations, preferences, personality, age, gender, ethnicity, and cultural identifications, among other things.
The RNR framework focuses on ^^individual-level factors^^ that contribute to criminal behavior, with certain types of interventions more likely to ^^reduce recidivism^^.
Application of the Risk-Need-Responsivity framework requires that criminal justice agencies:
The model emphasizes the need for a human services-based approach to ^^penitentiary rehabilitation^^.
The Risk-Need-Responsivity framework acknowledges that dynamic elements such as substance addiction, mental health, employment retention, pro-social values, friends and families, and criminal thinking are modifiable and are highlighted as intervention targets for rehabilitative correctional programs.
Central Eight
The first four needs, known as the Big Four – history of antisocial behavior, antisocial views, antisocial peers, and criminal mentality – are more predictive of recidivism results than the remaining components.
The model suggests that correctional interventions should focus on these dynamic characteristics.
%%Substance Abuse.%%
Based on existing empirical data, the consideration of substance use within an RNR framework is refined as follows:
^^Certain drugs don't affect crime^^.
The literature shows that opiates and cocaine use are more likely to affect criminal behavior due to the need for money, the desire to participate in the drug trade to maintain a habit, and drunken decisions.
Amphetamine use is also growing in this category.
Marijuana usage is ^^not a criminogenic need^^ since it does not appear to follow the same trend as "hard drugs" like cocaine, opiates, and amphetamines.
Marijuana users with criminal thought patterns should ^^receive antisocial thinking therapies^^ before substance use interventions.
Many offenders are arrested on crimes unrelated to substance usage, since substance abuse often drives criminal behavior.
Many drug offenders do not have clinical SUDs that require intense treatment, hence they will not benefit from substance abuse programs.
Offenders should be divided into four categories regarding substance abuse:
nonusers
used drugs in the past with current use of soft drugs
used hard drugs within a month of the arrest
used hard drugs prior to the arrest.
Most studies and evaluation tools investigate these issues but do not incorporate clinical assessment criteria (such as the DSM-IV).
%%Antisocial Cognitions/Criminal Thinking.%%
%%Antisocial Personality Pattern.%%
%%Antisocial Associates and Social Supports.%%
%%Employment and Educational Attainment.%%
%%Mental Health Status.%%
%%Housing.%%
%%Risk of Recidivism and Location.%%
The objective of the Risk-Need-Responsivity paradigm is to ^^uncover dynamic factors that directly or indirectly lead to criminal behavior^^.
The following concept of need severity can be used to supplement the original Andrews and Bonta Risk-Need-Responsivity paradigm and facilitate more efficient allocation of correctional resources:
The responsivity principle of the RNR framework has two components: general responsivity and specific responsivity.
These additional program elements include dosage, content, faithfulness or conformity to the program model, and quality of program resources.
While the basic Risk-Need-Responsivity paradigm remains in place, an increased empirical literature base has helped to reconfigure some of the responsivity choice factors to include:
This paradigm of extended responsivity can be utilized to match justice-involved individuals to levels of care in accordance with the Risk-Need-Responsivity framework.
Conceptually, the steps of responsibility are clear: